The electrochemical conversion reaction, usually featured by multiple redox processes and high specific capacity, holds great promise in developing high‐energy rechargeable battery technologies. However, the complete structural change accompanied by spontaneous atomic migration and volume variation during the charge/discharge cycle leads to electrode disintegration and performance degradation, therefore severely restricting the application of conventional conversion‐type electrodes. Herein, latticed‐confined conversion chemistry is proposed, where the “intercalation‐like” redox behavior is realized on the electrode with a “conversion‐like” high capacity. By delicately formulating the high‐entropy compounds, the pristine crystal structure can be preserved by the inert lattice framework, thus enabling an ultra‐high initial Coulombic efficiency of 92.5% and a long cycling lifespan over a thousand cycles after the quasistatic charge–discharge cycle. This lattice‐confined conversion chemistry unfolds a ubiquitous insight into the localized redox reaction and sheds light on developing high‐performance electrodes toward next‐generation high‐energy rechargeable batteries.
Hydrogen (H2) sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) have attracted great attention for safety concerns of traditional industries and energy storing devices. ZnO has been widely studied as an...
Upheaval buckling of pipelines caused by thermal-and pressure-induced loading is an important issue in pipeline design. Uplift capacity of pipelines is determined by the pipe-soil interaction during pipeline upheaval in soil. Pipelines to be installed in soft clay are usually placed into trenches and then backfilled. In this paper, a set of test devices were developed, and a series of full-scale model tests were carried out on a pipe segment buried in lumpy soft clay backfill, including backfilling tests, load-controlled uplift tests and a displacement-controlled test. Eight total pressure transducers were embedded in the wall of the pipe segment to measure soil pressures on the pipe segment, and 5 Linear Variable Differential displacement Transducers (LVDTs) were arranged to record the vertical displacement of the pipe segment and the surface of soft clay ground.The stabilizing force keeping the pipe segment in place during backfilling process was found to fit a nearly linear relationship with the dimensionless undrained shear strength of soft clay. Variation of soil pressures on the pipe segment during uplift loading was significantly affected by the buried depth of the pipe segment and the undrained shear strength of soil. For all present load-controlled tests in lumpy soft clay backfill, the test ultimate uplift resistances were only about 19-81% of the results calculated by DNV (2007) approach. Mainly due to the voids' compression, shearing and strain softening of lumpy soft clay backfill, the difference between initial and stable displacements in a loading step for a load-controlled test or initial and stable loads in a displacement step for a displacement-controlled test is remarkable. The limits of uplift resistances are recommended for the instant and sustaining behaviors of the pipe segment respectively.
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