amplifiers has negligible effect in reducing steady state gain variations, as seen in Figure 2, but the fluctuating ASE power will induce dynamic gain fluctuations, which will increase as the ASE power cumulates. Hence, although optical packet switched traffic load is random, cumulated ASE power may induce resonant oscillations, which will result in power penalties as heavy as those found in resonant traffic load of a solitary amplifier such as reported in Ref. 10. CONCLUSIONSThe growth of the ASE power can lead to a superlinear accumulation of dynamic gain fluctuations of an EDFA chain, reducing the transmission distance in packetized links. Although gain clamping efficiency reduced gain variations to less than 0.04 dB for steady traffic changes, cumulated dynamic fluctuations can impair packet switched traffic by as much as 2 dB, either affecting the full packet or depleting its header or payload power. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported in part by the Brazilian Agency CNPq. REFERENCES 1. Design and experimental characterization of EDFA-based WDM ring networks with free ASE light recirculation and link control for network survivability, J Lightwave Technol 23 (2005), 1170 -1181. 2. S. Sergeyev, E. Vanin, and S. Popov, Suppression of dynamic instabilities in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with a combined gain control system, Opt Lett 27 (2002), 1117-1119. 3. Y. Chen, C. Qiao, and X. Yu, Optical burst switching: A new area in optical networking research, IEEE Network 18 (2004), 16 -23. 4. M. Karásek, A. Bononi, L.A. Rusch, and M. Menif, Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic, J Lightwave Technol 18 (2000), 308 -313. 5. D.H. Thomas and J.P. von der Weid, Impairments of EDFA dynamic gain-fluctuations in packet switched WDM optical transmissions, ABSTRACT: An electromagnetic field sensor linking a LiNbO 3 electrooptical modulator with a circular antenna was studied. In this sensor, a Mach-Zehnder electrooptical modulator was used as one of the fundamental building blocks. The frequency response was flat from 50 MHz to 3 GHz. The minimum detectable electromagnetic field intensity is 0.7 mV/m at 50 MHz and 1.2 mV/m at 3 GHz, respectively.
A small electromagnetic field sensor in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 2 GHz was developed that consisted of a Mach‐Zehnder waveguide modulator and a micro annular antenna, which was directly integrated with the traveling‐wave electrode of the Mach‐ Zehnder waveguide modulator on the same LiNbO3 substrate. The size of the sensor is 45 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm, demonstrating that the new kind of design successfully miniaturized the sensor size. The average minimum detectable electromagnetic field intensity of the sensor is 3.9 mV/m. The result indicates that the new kind of sensor is of potential interest for future application. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3125–3128, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23868
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