amplifiers has negligible effect in reducing steady state gain variations, as seen in Figure 2, but the fluctuating ASE power will induce dynamic gain fluctuations, which will increase as the ASE power cumulates. Hence, although optical packet switched traffic load is random, cumulated ASE power may induce resonant oscillations, which will result in power penalties as heavy as those found in resonant traffic load of a solitary amplifier such as reported in Ref. 10. CONCLUSIONSThe growth of the ASE power can lead to a superlinear accumulation of dynamic gain fluctuations of an EDFA chain, reducing the transmission distance in packetized links. Although gain clamping efficiency reduced gain variations to less than 0.04 dB for steady traffic changes, cumulated dynamic fluctuations can impair packet switched traffic by as much as 2 dB, either affecting the full packet or depleting its header or payload power. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported in part by the Brazilian Agency CNPq. REFERENCES 1. Design and experimental characterization of EDFA-based WDM ring networks with free ASE light recirculation and link control for network survivability, J Lightwave Technol 23 (2005), 1170 -1181. 2. S. Sergeyev, E. Vanin, and S. Popov, Suppression of dynamic instabilities in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with a combined gain control system, Opt Lett 27 (2002), 1117-1119. 3. Y. Chen, C. Qiao, and X. Yu, Optical burst switching: A new area in optical networking research, IEEE Network 18 (2004), 16 -23. 4. M. Karásek, A. Bononi, L.A. Rusch, and M. Menif, Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDM burst-mode packet traffic, J Lightwave Technol 18 (2000), 308 -313. 5. D.H. Thomas and J.P. von der Weid, Impairments of EDFA dynamic gain-fluctuations in packet switched WDM optical transmissions, ABSTRACT: An electromagnetic field sensor linking a LiNbO 3 electrooptical modulator with a circular antenna was studied. In this sensor, a Mach-Zehnder electrooptical modulator was used as one of the fundamental building blocks. The frequency response was flat from 50 MHz to 3 GHz. The minimum detectable electromagnetic field intensity is 0.7 mV/m at 50 MHz and 1.2 mV/m at 3 GHz, respectively.
Based on the bidirectional fast Fourier transform beam propagation method (FFT-BPM), a self-consistent Nd:Ti:LiNbO3 Fabry-Pérot waveguide laser model has been developed. By using the bidirectional FFT-BPM and the attenuation effect of pumping and resultant lasers within the waveguide cavity, the interference effect and physical behaviors of the population inversion longitudinal and transversal spatial effects were observed. The resultant laser power is saturated if the waveguide is longer than a critical length, which is a function of the pumping power. Moreover, the resultant laser power density is a nonuniform function along the longitudinal dimension within the waveguide cavity.
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