The effect of a nonconductive adhesive (NCA) on the reliability of chip-on-glass (COG) bonding was studied. Double layer bumps consisting of dome-shaped Sn on Cu columns were formed by electroplating and a reflow process, and were used for this study. COG bonding was performed between the reflowed Sn/Cu bumps on the oxidized Si wafer and an indium tin oxide/Au/Cu/Ti/glass substrate using a thermocompression bonder. Three types of NCAs were applied during COG bonding: NCA-A with no fillers, NCA-B with fluoropolymer fillers, and NCA-C with silica fillers. Thermal cycling from À25C to 125 C for 2000 cycles was performed to evaluate the effect of NCA type on the reliability of COG joints. The initial contact resistance values of the COG joints ranged from 32.2 m to 39.3 m. The contact resistance increased during the thermal cycling and the trend of contact resistance increment was different among three NCA types. The failure rate was the highest in NCA-C, followed by NCA-B and NCA-A in descending order. After the thermal cycling, the cross-sections of COG joints were observed with scanning electron microscopy to analyze the failure mechanism. The failures occurred primarily due to trapped fillers and NCAs at the interface between Sn/Cu bumps and the ITO substrate.
Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) is an important operational parameter for constructed wetland to purify wastewater. In this paper, it is the main objective to select the optimal parameter of HLR. During the four HLRs (i.e., 6 cm/d, 12 cm/d, 24 cm/d and 48 cm/d) operation period, six days were used as one stage. The experimental results showed that the best average removal rates of CODcr (59.7%) and NH3-N (89.4%) were at the HLR of 6 cm/d. In the meantime, the best average removal rate of total phosphorus (TP, 50.0%) was at the HLR of 24 cm/d. According to the low influent TP concentration, it is suggested that the HLR of 6 cm/d should be used in the multi-stage constructed wetland.
The traditional water treatment technologies mainly include physical reparation technology, chemical remediation technology and biological-ecological restoration technology. However, there are many limitations in practical application, especially for heavy polluted river. For this reason, it is extremely urgent to explore new technology and method on river ecosystem restoration. The materials of artificial plants are limited to the factors of water transparency, possesses acid and alkali-resistant, resistance to staining and flexibility. The characteristics of artificial plants are low in investment, effective and no secondary pollution. Therefore, it has a broad prospect of application in water treatment. In this paper, the detailed review and application of artificial plants were involved in order to provide theoretical basis for more widely used of artificial aquatic plants.
Five different lengths artificial aquatic plants were used to purify wastewater. The artificial aquatic strings of 10cm diameter cylinder were divided into five groups, such as 0cm (A, CK), 50cm (B),100cm (C),150cm (D) and 200cm (E), respectively. The experimental results showed that the best removal efficiency was 78.3% and 73.5% for COD and ammonina nitrogen in the C group, and for the total phosphorus (TP), the best removal efficiency was 61.3% in the B group. Therefore, it is suggested that the best length is 100cm at 22°C to 26°C in the water according to the comprehensive removal efficiency.
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