Tripartite motif protein 5-alpha (TRIM5α) is a cytoplasmic protein that efficiently recognizes the incoming capsid (CA) protein of retroviruses and potently inhibits virus infection in a species-specific manner. Through directly recognizing and interacting with HIV CA, TRIM5α is capable of disrupting the ordered process of viral uncoating, eventually interfering with HIV-1 reverse transcription and virus replication. TRIM5α protein contains four domains: RING domain, B-box 2 domain, coiled-coil domain, and B30.2 domain (SPRY) domain. All of the domains are necessary for efficient retrovirus restriction and the B30.2 domain has been shown to be the determinant of the specificity of restriction. Species-specific innate resistance against viral infections offers novel avenues for antiviral therapeutics. Various mutants of TRIM5α have been described which differently affect the HIV-1 reverse transcription process. This makes the establishment of new and improved models for HIV replication and AIDS pathogenesis by monitoring endogenous TRIM5α an attractive approach. TRIM5α-mediated restriction is modulated by the host protein Cyclophilin A (Cyp A) which could effectively interact with the CA of HIV-1. Here we will review the structure and roles of TRIM5α protein, the interaction between Cyp A and TRIM5α, as well as gene therapy strategies associated with TRIM5α to inhibit HIV-1 infection.
Eggplant, the fruit of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), is applied externally to relieve the symptoms of
chilblains in the folk in East Asia. However, the mechanisms and biological
ingredients are not clear. A network pharmacology approach was used
to shed light on the mechanisms of eggplant against chilblains, which
illustrated that anti-inflammation and antioxidation are mainly involved
in the curative effects. Bioassay-guided assays led to the isolation
of 44 ingredients (1–44), including
two new natural compounds (1–2) and
42 known compounds. Thirteen compounds (3–15) were
first reported from the Solanum genus.
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of all isolates were
evaluated, and the results showed that 11 compounds have anti-inflammatory
activity and 27 have antioxidant activity. Fatty acids, flavonoids,
alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, and lignans from eggplant have
certain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These results provide
a scientific basis for eggplant to treat chilblains.
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