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Recently, the immuno-enhancing potential of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula (AAP) has been an area of research interest. However, the immune-stimulatory activity and mechanisms of AAP in immunosuppressive mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) are still poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the immuno-enhancing effects of AAP and mine its possible mechanisms. Firstly, polysaccharides were isolated from A. auricula and purified. Secondly, the immune-stimulatory activities of the first AAP fraction (AAP1) were evaluated in the CTX-treated mice. Results showed that AAP1 significantly enhanced immune organ indexes, remarkably stimulated IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-a levels in the serum, and dramatically up-regulated the mRNA levels of Claudin-1, Occludin and ZO-1. Compared to the CTX group, AAP1 administration restored the gut microbiota composition similar to that of the control group by decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increasing the relative abundances of short-chain fatty acid-producing microbiota. This study provides useful information for its further application as an immune-stimulator in foods and drugs.

Yu Q., Chuan L., Duan Z., Liu B., Duan W., Shang F. (2017): Ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and vitamin C from Clinacanthus nutans. Czech J. Food Sci., 35: 89-94.Polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and vitamin C from Clinacanthus nutans were extracted by an ultrasonic microwave-assisted method. The optimal extraction conditions were established in distilled water, solid-liquid ratio 1 : 55 g/ml, irradiation power 90 W, and extraction cycle with 75 seconds. Results revealed that the solid-liquid ratio exerted a significant effect on polyphenols, whereas the irradiation power played a key role in the extraction of flavonoids, triterpenoids, and vitamin C. Under these conditions the extraction yield of each component was: polyphenols 8.893, flavonoids 25 936, triterpenoids 16 789, and vitamin C 0.166 mg/g. These results showed that the ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction was an efficient technology to extract bioactive substances from Clinacanthus nutans and Clinacanthus nutans could potentially be a source of natural antioxidants.

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Polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoid and VitaminC from Clinacanthus nutans were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technology. The optimal extracting conditions were established as distilled water as solvent, solid-liquid ratio 1:45 (g/ml), irradiation power 160W, and every extraction cycle of 50s. Results revealed that microwave time exert a significant effect on triterpenoid and VitaminC, whereas irradiation power plays a key role in the extraction of flavonoids. Furthermore, the effect of solid-liquid ratio on polyphenols is obvious. Under these conditions the extraction yield of each component were: polyphenols 8.382 mg/g, flavonoids 24.928 mg/g, triterpenoid 14.058 mg/g, vitaminC 0.129 mg/g. This study shows that MAE is an efficient technology to extract bioactive substances from leaves and Clinacanthus nutans could potentially be a resource for natural antioxidants.