Objetivou-se, avaliar a influência de alguns recursos de climatização na produção e composição do leite e nas variáveis fisiológicas, freqüência respiratória, freqüência cardíaca, temperatura retal. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandesa, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: sala de espera com sombreamento acrescido de aspersão (climatizado) e sala de espera sem estrutura de climatização (não climatizado), sendo sete vacas por tratamento. Os dados climáticos de cada tratamento foram registrados para calcular o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade. A produção de leite diária foi significativamente superior no tratamento climatizado frente ao não climatizado, 13,97 contra 11,24kg de leite, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os componentes do leite (proteína, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade e gordura). O índice de temperatura e umidade permaneceu dentro da zona de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação (72 a 78) no tratamento climatizado, porém o inverso ocorreu no tratamento não climatizado, 71,34 e 79,76, respectivamente. Os animais que não desfrutaram da climatização apresentaram aumento da temperatura retal, da freqüência respiratória e cardíaca, quando comparados aos animais do tratamento climatizado.
Milk and Minas frescal cheese were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Gir cows that were fed diets enriched with 0, 33, 66 and 100% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in a concentrated supplement in replace of soybean meal. Eight crossbred lactating cows were distributed (four animals × four treatments × four periods) in the experimental design of double 4 × 4 Latin squares. The capric (C : 10, P = 0.0270), undecylic (C : 11, P = 0.0134), and lauric (C : 12, P = 0.0342) saturated fatty acid concentrations and CLA (C18 : 2c9t11, P = 0.0164) of the milk fat decreased linearly with an increasing percentage of peanut cake in the diet. The increased peanut cake content (100%) in the diet was associated with a linear decrease in C : 10 (P = 0.0447), C : 12 (P = 0.0002), mirystic (C : 14, P 0.05) ratios were not influenced by the different peanut cake levels. The inclusion of up to 100% peanut cake as a substitution for soybean meal in the concentrate of grazing lactating cows resulted in changes in the nutritional quality of their milk products, as indicated by the increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decrease of saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic).
-This experiment was conducted to study the substitution of soybean meal with peanut cake in the supplement by assessing the feeding behavior and the interaction between the thermal environment and the physiological responses of eight crossbred cows with an average live weight of 500 kg. Cows were divided into two 4 × 4 Latin squares and managed on pasture. The peanut cake was included at the levels of 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g kg −1 in the supplement as a replacement for soybean meal. The feeding behavior variables were not affected by the levels of peanut cake. No differences were found for the physiological parameters of the animals with the replacement of soybean meal for peanut cake in the supplements. Peanut cake can replace up to 100% soybean meal in the supplement of grazing lactating crossbred cows without altering the feeding behavior or physiological parameters of the animals.
The aim of this study was to estimate the chemical composition of maize silage based on the morphological characteristics of maize plants and to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and the inclusion of a microbial inoculant during the ensiling process on the production of maize silage and its morphological, qualitative and fermentative characteristics. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilization with urea (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha -1 ) and the inclusion or exclusion of the microbial inoculants during the ensiling process. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The maize silage chemical composition was estimated by evaluating the plant height (PH) and ear characteristics (NRE= number of rows per ear; NKE= number of kernels per ear; ELS= ear length with straw; EL= ear length without straw) using the following equations:CP= -12.44 + 5.871 × PH + 0.01814 × NRE² (R²= 0.89; P < 0.0001); NDF= 587.93-0.78×NKE-11.67×ELS-0.47×EL+0.0000007×NKE³+0.006× EL³ (R²=0.92; P = 0.003); ADF= 41.48 -0.046 × NRE 2 (R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);TDN= 57.81 -0.0319 × NRE 2 (R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02);EDDM= 56.58 + 0.035 × NRE 2 (R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02) andNEL= 1.31 + 0.000757 × NRE 2 (R 2 = 0.41; P = 0.02).In conclusion, nitrogen fertilization increases the silage energy and protein content; while the inclusion of microbial inoculants during the ensiling process does not alter the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the maize silage.Keywords: Plant height. Aerobic stability. Microbial inoculants. Maize Silage. Urea. ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a composição bromatológica da silagem por meio de características morfoló-gicas das plantas de milho, e avaliar o efeito de níveis de adubação nitrogenada e da inclusão de inoculante microbiano na ensilagem sobre as características produtivas, morfológicas, bromatológicas e fermentativas de silagem de milho. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de adubações com ureia: 0; 100; 200 e 300 Kg ha -1 , e da inclusão ou não de inoculante microbiano. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 4 × 2. A composição bromatológica da silagem foi estimada pela altura das plantas (AP) de milho e pelas características da espiga (NLE = número de linhas de grãos por espiga; NGE = Número de grãos por espiga; CCP = comprimento da espiga com palha; CSP = comprimento da espiga sem palha) por meio das seguintes equações: PB = -12,44 + 5,871 × AP + 0,01814 × NLE² (R² = 0,89; P < 0,0001); FDN = 587,93 -0,78 × NGE -11,67 × CCP -0,47 × CSP + 0,0000007 × NGE³ + 0,006 × CCP³ (R² = 0,92; P = 0,003); FDA = 41,48 -0,046 × NLE 2 (R 2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); NDT = 57,81 -0,0319 × NLE 2 (R 2 = 0,42; P = 0,02); DMSE = 56,58 + 0,035 × NLE 2 (R 2 = 0,42; P = 0,02) e ELL = 1,31 + 0,000757 × NLE 2 (R 2 = 0,41; P = 0,02). Pode-se concluir que a adubação nitrogenada aumenta o teor de energia e de proteína da silagem; enquanto a inclusão de inoculante microbiano não altera a...
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