Silver nanoparticles (NPs) which could be kept in solid form and were easily stored without degeneration or oxidation at room temperature for a long period of time were synthesized by a simple and environmentally friendly wet chemistry method in an aqueous phase. Highly stable dispersions of aqueous silver NP inks, sintered at room temperature, for printing highly conductive tracks (∼8.0 μΩ cm) were prepared simply by dispersing the synthesized silver NP powder in water. These inks are stable, fairly homogeneous and suitable for a wide range of patterning techniques. The inks were successfully printed on paper and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using a common color printer. Upon annealing at 180 °C, the resistivity of the printed silver patterns decreased to 3.7 μΩ cm, which is close to twice that of bulk silver. Various factors affecting the resistivity of the printed silver patterns, such as annealing temperature and the number of printing cycles, were investigated. The resulting high conductivity of the printed silver patterns reached over 20% of the bulk silver value under ambient conditions, which enabled the fabrication of flexible electronic devices, as demonstrated by the inkjet printing of conductive circuits of LED devices.
One big challenge for long-lived inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is that commonly used metal electrodes react with perovskite layer, inducing electrode corrosion and device degradation. Motivated by the idea of metal anticorrosion, here, we propose a chemical anticorrosion strategy to fabricate stable inverted PSCs through introducing a typical organic corrosion inhibitor of benzotriazole (BTA) before Cu electrode deposition. BTA molecules chemically coordinate to the Cu electrode and form an insoluble and polymeric film of [BTA-Cu], suppressing the electrochemical corrosion and reaction between perovskite and the Cu electrode. PSCs with BTA/Cu show excellent air stability, retaining 92.8 ± 1.9% of initial efficiency after aging for 2500 hours. In addition, >90% of initial efficiency is retained after 85°C aging for over 1000 hours. PSCs with BTA/Cu also exhibit good operational stability, and 88.6 ± 2.6% of initial efficiency is retained after continuous maximum power point tracking for 1000 hours.
Antireflection (AR) coatings that exhibit multifunctional characteristics, including high transparency, robust resistance to moisture, high hardness, and antifogging properties, were developed based on hollow silica-silica nanocomposites. These novel nanocomposite coatings with a closed-pore structure, consisting of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNs) infiltrated with an acid-catalyzed silica sol (ACSS), were fabricated using a low-cost sol-gel dip-coating method. The refractive index of the nanocomposite coatings was tailored by controlling the amount of ACSS infiltrated into the HSNs during synthesis. Photovoltaic transmittance (TPV) values of 96.86-97.34% were obtained over a broad range of wavelengths, from 300 to 1200 nm; these values were close to the theoretical limit for a lossy single-layered AR coating (97.72%). The nanocomposite coatings displayed a stable TPV, with degradation values of less than 4% and 0.1% after highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress tests, and abrasion tests, respectively. In addition, the nanocomposite coatings had a hardness of approximately 1.6 GPa, while the porous silica coatings with an open-pore structure showed more severe degradation and had a lower hardness. The void fraction and surface roughness of the nanocomposite coatings could be controlled, which gave rise to near-superhydrophilic and antifogging characteristics. The promising results obtained in this study suggest that the nanocomposite coatings have the potential to be of benefit for the design, fabrication, and development of multifunctional AR coatings with both omnidirectional broadband transmission and long-term durability that are required for demanding outdoor applications in energy harvesting and optical instrumentation in extreme climates or humid conditions.
Kidney International Supplements (2019) 9, e1-e81 e53 Chapter 6. Prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of dialysis patients e57 Chapter 7. Clinical measurement and treatment among dialysis patients e60 Chapter 8. Vascular access e62 Chapter 9. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes among dialysis patients e63 Chapter 10. Hospitalization e66 Chapter 11. Medical expenditures for dialysis patients e68 Chapter 12. Kidney transplant waiting list e74 Chapter 13. Discussion e75 References e76 Appendices: Definitions of ICD coding e76 Appendix 1 | Coding of various CKD etiologies e77 Appendix 2 | Coding of CKD stages e78 Appendix 3 | Coding of diabetes mellitus e78 Appendix 4 | Coding of hypertension e78 Appendix 5 | Coding of CVD e80 Appendix 6 | Coding of CVD operations e81 Appendix 7 | Coding of AKI www.kisupplements.org d e t a i l e d c o n t e n t s
All-inorganic
CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cell with an
inverted architecture of indium-tin oxide/poly[3-(4-carboxylbutyl)thiophene]/CsPbI2Br/(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester/C60/bathocuproine/Ag
was fabricated. Together with the incorporation of nickel iodide,
perovskite crystallinity and film morphology were promoted. Also,
suppressed trap-state density in perovskite film was accomplished
due to the passivation effect. Consequently, enhanced champion efficiency
of 13.88% with V
OC of 1.141 V, J
SC of 16.02 mA/cm2, and fill factor
of 75.96% was delivered by the doped optimal device, compared with
the efficiency of 11.97% of the reference device. Superior device
stability was demonstrated for the optimal device both in ambient
atmosphere and N2-filled glovebox, without encapsulation.
Moreover, improved light stability was also confirmed for optimal
device by prolonged operation time, under continuous illumination
of simulated solar spectrum. In addition, high-temperature annealing
or sintering of interlayer was eliminated by utilizing solution-processed
poly[3-(4-carboxylbutyl)thiophene]-CH3NH2 (P3CT-CH3NH2) as the hole-transport layer. This work provides
an alternative inverted architecture and an effective ion-doping strategy
for efficient and stable all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs),
which would help promote the development of PSC technology.
Highly flexible AgNW/PI transparent film heaters with superior mechanical and thermal response behavior were fabricated using an all solution-coating method.
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