In order to investigate the promotional effects of ruthenium (Ru) addition on the structure, activity, and SO2 resistance of MnO x –TiO2 mixed-oxide adsorbent for Hg0 removal at lower temperature, the Ru modified MnO x –TiO2 (RMT) adsorbent, MnO x –TiO2 (MT), and RuO2–TiO2 (RT) were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The fresh and spent adsorbents were characterized by N2 physisorption, XRD, FTIR, H2-TPR, XPS, TG-DSC, and SO2-TPD. It was found that the addition of Ru oxide not only can increase the activity of Hg0 removal but also can significantly enhance their SO2 resistance performance. The amorphous structure and some synergistic effects among Ru, Mn and oxygen species may play key roles in promoting Hg0 removal and superior performance of SO2 tolerance. Although RMT exhibited an excellent SO2 resistance performance for Hg0 capture, some active sites would be destroyed with as high as 2500 ppm of SO2 introduced. The sulfate species deposited on the surface of poisoned adsorbent and the consumption of active MnO x and RuO2 by SO2 had a negative activity for Hg0 removal. The enhanced effect of Ru modified MnO x –TiO2 adsorbent on SO2 resistance could be derived from the selective formation of sulfate species on Ru. The possible mechanism of Ru addition on the SO2 resistance of MnO x –TiO2 mixed-oxide adsorbent has also been proposed.

By changing transaction costs, trust can be a determinant of interregional economic exchange. Based on data sets of bilateral trust and trade at provincial level in China, this study investigates the trust–trade relationship empirically. As a channel of affecting bilateral trade, bilateral trust is incorporated into gravity models. By controlling for institutional quality, labour migration and other economic indicators, the baseline results show that the bilateral trust is positively correlated with the bilateral trade significantly. The sensitivity tests using an alternative estimation of interprovincial trade in China also confirm this positive trust–trade relationship. In addition, we use an instrumental‐variable estimation to control for the endogeneity of bilateral trust, and find that the trust–trade relationship is robust. This relationship seems to reveal that improving bilateral trust can be a new channel of boosting bilateral trade.

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