This article provides a review of the literature addressing the impact of coworkers' deviant, dysfunctional, or counterproductive behaviors upon individual employees. We provide a framework for the collection of findings on this issue, revealing that coworker deviant behavior negatively impacts individual employees' attitudes, affect, and actions through three routes: (a) direct impact, whereby an employee is the target of coworkers' deviant behaviors; (b) vicarious impact, whereby an employee is impacted by witnessing or learning of coworkers' deviant behaviors; and (c) ambient impact, whereby an employee is impacted by working in an environment characterized by collective coworker deviant behavior. In our discussion of these routes of influence, we outline the relevant empirical findings for and theoretical perspectives of each, as well as the moderators of these effects. We conclude our review by identifying recommended future research directions based upon our critical assessment of this literature.

No abstract

This study examined the longitudinal association between career outcome expectations and positive psychological capital, using data from four investigations of 885 Chinese medical students over a 9‐month period. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) and latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) were used to examine the overall trajectory of career outcome expectations and to group them. Career outcome expectations showed a linear growth trend on the whole. The modeling distinguished three growth trajectories of career outcome expectations. There is an association between positive psychological capital and career outcome expectations, that is, positive psychological capital positively affects career outcome expectations and not the other way around. The results speak to the noteworthy individual differences in the development of career outcome expectations among Chinese medical students.

IntroductionLove is a fundamental human experience which involves commitment, intimacy and passion between lovers [1][2][3]. Normal love creates strong family and social bonds, but pathological love, repetitive and uncontrolled attention and care towards one's partner [4] in erotomania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, brings burden to patients' families and to society [5]. Under such circumstances, the patients often use automatic thinking in response to environmental stimuli and excessively seek out love-related information [4,6].Studies have shown that love is involved in attention-related processing, such as reward, emotion, cognition, orientation or goal-directed motivation, which is based on its cerebral chemical correlates [7][8][9][10][11][12].Using one of the neuroimaging techniques, the functional magnetic resonance imaging On the other hand, according to the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies addressing the early cognition of love oriented to a participant by their lover yet. As love is a goal-direct state towards an individual's beloved [7][8][9], perception and expression of love from the beloved would be sought after by their lover. In such a case, love related information expressed by an individual's own lover might be detected earlier in that individual. In our current study, MISMATCH NEGATIVITY TELLS YOU HOW MUCH YOU AUTOMATICALLY CARE FOR YOUR LOVER'S LOVE AbstractUnderstanding the automatic process of love oriented to a participant by his or her own lover helps to build a normal loving relationship. It also helps to elucidate some of the underlying mechanisms of pathological love, which involves both repetitive and uncontrolled attention and care. Previous studies have addressed the late-stage process of love, but its early or automatic stage has been studied less. When processing a change in speech from "love" to "love you" from their own lover, participants showed a more prefrontal-frontal distribution of cerebral mismatch negativity. Source analysis showed that the left superior temporal gyrus was involved in all participants. The right inferior frontal gyrus was additionally involved in some participants who evaluated love as more intense. Brain areas activated in process might inversely indicate how much a participant cares about the love oriented by their lover. Keywords

This chapter reports analyses drawn from the 2006 American National Election Studies Pilot Study. It focuses on the extent to which defensive confidence influences partisan defection and affects other political behaviors. In addition, also considers several interrelated issues: whether or not the levels of defensive confidence differ across demographic and ethnic groups; what we can learn about citizens' attention to politics and government affairs and to the news and if these forms of attention are related to defensive confidence and partisan defection; and if people with higher levels of defensive confidence are more likely to participate in politics than people with lower levels of defensive confidence. The chapter first provides an overview of defensive confidence and its development in the literature. It then presents an analysis of the influence of defensive confidence on partisan defection, attention to government and politics, attention to the news, and political participation.