Triboelectric phenomena can be observed everywhere; however, they are consistently omitted from applications. Although almost all substances exhibit a triboelectrification effect in daily life, chemists as well as materials scientists have performed extensive investigations in both the aspects of basic science and practical applications to promote the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Here, a detailed survey of materials engineering for high triboelectric performance and multifunctional materials toward specific applications is summarized, including constructing micro/ nanostructures, chemically modifying the frication surface, modulating bulk friction materials, the mechanism for improved performance, and preparing materials for implantable medical devices, bionic skin, and wearable electronic devices. Moreover, an in depth discussion of the current challenges and future efforts for strengthening the performance of TENGs is elaborated in detail, which will better guide new researchers toward a deeper understanding of and explorations about TENGs.urgently needed to alleviate a more severe energy crisis, which has diverted extensive attention toward renewable energy (solar energy, geothermal energy, etc.) by virtue of its large quantity and ubiquitous existence in our environment. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In addition, the rapid development of science and technology has also suggested higher requirements for energy delivery. In the past few decades, large numbers of mobile communication electronics, smart wearable devices, and internet of things (IoT) devices based on tens of thousands of sensors have appeared in every corner of the globe. These electronic devices are usually characterized by requiring a small amount of power, only on the microwatt or even the milliwatt level, whereas they hold a relatively large shape to facilitate frequent charging or battery replacement for embedded traditional solid-state power sources. It is, therefore, desirable to integrate an energy harvester together with a battery to form a self-powered system that could be recharged by absorbing and transferring external fragmental energy. Furthermore, considering that a majority of these electronic devices are closely contacting the human body, the individualization of the energy-supply mode related to the person itself remains to be studied in depth.To tackle energy shortages and content-specific power supply requirements, researchers have designed a diversity of energyconversion devices derived from assorted working principles to collect energy, such as solar cells, electromagnetic generators, thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric nanogenerators, and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Primarily benefiting from their light weight, low cost, multiple structures, extensive material selection, and even great efficiency at low operating frequencies, the novel TENGs have been proven as up-and-coming candidates to complementarily solve the energy-deficiency issue. T...
solitude and the first time to help patients are becoming increasingly important and exigent. Fortunately, the development of science and technology has made this urgent demand no longer out of reach. [5] Over the past few decades, three mainstream fall monitoring methods have been developed, including vision-based, [6,7] ambient-based technologies, [8,9] and wearable-based, [10][11][12] according to the type and position of sensors that are installed in the systems. However, in the course of use, these methods
The kernmantle construction, a kind of braiding structure that is characterized by the kern absorbing most of the stress and the mantle protecting the kern, is widely employed in the field of loading and rescue services, but rarely in flexible electronics. Here, a novel kernmantle electronic braid (E‐braid) for high‐impact sports monitoring, is proposed. The as‐fabricated E‐braids not only demonstrate high strength (31 Mpa), customized elasticity, and nice machine washability (>500 washes) but also exhibit excellent electrical stability (>200 000 cycles) during stretching. For demonstration, the E‐braids are mounted to different parts of the trampoline for athletes’ locomotor behavior monitoring. Furthermore, the E‐braids are proved to act as multifarious intelligent sports gear or wearable equipment such as electronic jump rope and respiration monitoring belt. This study expands the kernmantle structure to soft flexible electronics and then accelerates the development of quantitative analysis in modern sports industry and athletes’ healthcare.
It is extraordinarily challenging to implement adaptive and seamless interactions between mechanical triggering and current silicon technology for tunable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems. Here, we report Si flexoelectronic transistors (SFTs) that can innovatively convert applied mechanical actuations into electrical control signals and achieve directly electromechanical function. Using the strain gradient–induced flexoelectric polarization field in Si as a “gate,” the metal-semiconductor interfacial Schottky barriers’ heights and the channel width of SFT can be substantially modulated, resulting in tunable electronic transports with specific characteristics. Such SFTs and corresponding perception system can not only create a high strain sensitivity but also identify where the mechanical force is applied. These findings provide an in-depth understanding about the mechanism of interface gating and channel width gating in flexoelectronics and develop highly sensitive silicon-based strain sensors, which has great potential to construct the next-generation silicon electromechanical nanodevices and nanosystems.
There are numerous works that report wirelessly controlling the locomotion of soft robots through a single actuation method of light or magnetism. However, coupling multiple driving modes to improve the mobility of robots is still in its infancy. Here, we present a soft multi-legged millirobot that can move, climb a slope, swim and detect a signal by near-infrared irradiation (NIR) light or magnetic field dual actuation. Due to the design of the feet structure, our soft millirobot incorporates the advantages of a single actuation mode of light or magnetism. Furthermore, it can execute a compulsory exercise to sense a signal and analyze the ambience fluctuation in a narrow place. This work provides a novel alternative for soft robots to achieve multimode actuation and signal sensing.
The phase transition of SrCoO2.5 (BM-SCO) is very popular in recent reports based on its special structure. The oxygen vacancy channel of BM-SCO provides a convenient condition for phase transformation to SrCoO3‑δ (PV-SCO), with prospects in smart windows, memristive devices, and magnetic recording. The traditional method for phase transition is thermal annealing, while the electric-field-controlled ionic liquid (IL) gating is also a convenient method. Herein, we use a triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered system, which can provide a constant voltage for the IL and achieve ion injection to induce phase transition, and this procedure proved to be reversible. X-ray diffraction scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscope observation showed that the crystal structures of the two phases are significantly different. Besides, BM-SCO is antiferromagnetic, PV-SCO is ferromagnetic, and the optical transmittance also changes during the phase transition. As for the applications of this film, we used IL gating to modulate the resistive switching behavior, which shows a change between high-resistance state and low-resistance state during the phase transition and can be used in resistive random access memory devices.
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