Zygomorphic flowers, with bilateral (dorsoventral) symmetry, are considered to have evolved several times independently in flowering plants. In Antirrhinum majus, floral dorsoventral symmetry depends on the activity of two TCP-box genes, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH). To examine whether the same molecular mechanism of floral asymmetry operates in the distantly related Rosid clade of eudicots, in which asymmetric flowers are thought to have evolved independently, we investigated the function of a CYC homologue LjCYC2 in a papilionoid legume, Lotus japonicus. We showed a role for LjCYC2 in establishing dorsal identity by altering its expression in transgenic plants and analyzing its mutant allele squared standard 1 (squ1). Furthermore, we identified a lateralizing factor, Keeled wings in Lotus 1 (Kew1), which plays a key role in the control of lateral petal identity, and found LjCYC2 interacted with Kew1, resulting in a double mutant that bore all petals with ventralized identity to some extents. Thus, we demonstrate that CYC homologues have been independently recruited as determinants of petal identities along the dorsoventral axis in two distant lineages of flowering plants, suggesting a common molecular origin for the mechanisms controlling floral zygomorphy.dorsoventral axis ͉ floral development ͉ keeled wings in Lotus ͉ LjCYC2 ͉ squared standard

The increase of the thrust/weight ratio of aircraft engines is extremely restricted by different 3-D flow loss mechanisms. One of them is the corner separation that can form at the junction between a blade suction side and a hub or shroud. In this paper, in order to further investigate the turbulent characteristics of corner separation, large-eddy simulation (LES) is conducted on a compressor cascade configuration using NACA65 blade profiles (chord based Reynolds number: 3.82 × 10 5), in comparison with the previous obtained experimental data. Using the shear-improved Smagorinsky model as subgrid-scale model, the LES gives a good description of the mean aerodynamics of the corner separation, especially for the blade surface static pressure coefficient and the total pressure losses. The turbulent dynamics is then analyzed in detail, in consideration of the turbulent structures, the one-point velocity spectra, and the turbulence anisotropy. Within the recirculation region, the energy appears to concentrate around the largest turbulent eddies, with fairly isotropic characteristics. Concerning the dynamics, an aperiodic shedding of hairpin vortices seems to induce an unsteadiness of the separation envelope.

To phased microphone array for sound source localization, algorithm with both high computational efficiency and high precision is a persistent pursuit. In this paper convolutional neural network (CNN) a kind of deep learning is preliminarily applied as a new algorithm. At high frequency CNN can reconstruct the sound localizations with excellent spatial resolution as good as DAMAS, within a very short time as short as conventional beamforming. This exciting result means that CNN perfectly finds source distribution directly from cross-spectral matrix without given propagation function in advance, and thus CNN deserves to be further explored as a new algorithm.

Three complementary DNA clones, AhMADS5, AhMADS6, and AhMADS8 were isolated from the young inflorescences of Alpinia hainanensis. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that AhMADS5 and AhMADS8 are highly homologous to AP3 and PI family, respectively, and AhMADS6 is an AG homologue. In situ hybridization analyses showed that AhMADS5 and AhMADS8 genes are expressed in the second and third whorls, whereas, the AhMADS6 signal is present in the third and fourth whorls. The expression patterns of AhMADS5, AhMADS8, and AhMADS6 genes are very similar to those of AP3-, PI-, and AG-like genes in other plant species, respectively. These results suggest that while AhMADS5 and AhMADS8 belong to the B-class MADS-box gene family, AhMADS6 belongs to a different category, the C-class MADS-box gene family. Present studies strongly support the hypothesis that the labellum of A. hainanensis originated from stamens.

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