Fabricating single-atom electrodes via atomic dispersion of active metal atoms into monolithic metal supports is of great significance to advancing the lab-tofab translation of the electrochemical technologies. Here, we report an inherent oxide anchoring strategy to fasten ligand-free isolated Ru atoms on the amorphous layer of monolithic Ti support by regulating the electronic metal-support interactions. The prepared Ru single atom electrode exhibited exceptional electrochemical chlorine evolution activity, three orders of magnitude higher mass activity than that of commercial dimensionally stable anode, and also selectively reduced nitrate to ammonia with an unprecedented ammonia yield rate of 22.2 mol g À 1 h À 1 at À 0.3 V. Furthermore, the Ru single atom monolithic electrode can be scaled up from 2 × 2 cm to 25 × 15 cm at least, thus demonstrating great potential for industrial electrocatalytic applications.
Hands and knees crawling is an important motor developmental milestone but the current clinical measures of motor function during crawling stage are relatively subjective. Objective metrics using kinematics and electromyography (EMG) in infant crawling may provide more stable and accurate measures of such developmental milestone, demonstrating changes in locomotion during age span. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether joint kinematics and the underlying co-activation between flexor and extensor in infant crawling are different for arms and legs across the infant age span. Surface EMG of two pairs of flexors and extensors from arms and legs and the corresponding joint kinematic data were collected in twenty health infants (11 males and 9 females, range 8-15 months), while they were crawling on hands and knees. Co-activation index of averaged EMG was used to quantify the simultaneous contractions between flexor and extensor muscles. Coefficient of variation of joint's maximum vertical acceleration from multiple cycles was used to quantify the repeatability of kinematics during crawling. Our results indicated that the arm exhibited significantly higher co-activation and higher repeatability of joint movement than the leg, suggesting earlier development of arm compared to leg. Moreover, elder age groups, who had stronger walking ability developed, showed increased co-activation of the leg and significant increase in repeatability of the knee movement. These results were consistent with the rapid reinforcement of the leg during motor development from quadrupeds to bipedal walking. Furthermore, the EMG and kinematic parameters were significantly correlated with clinical variables. These results suggest that the EMG and kinematic analysis of infant crawling are useful in building effective assessment of infant's motor function before independent walking.
Pulsed near-infrared radiation has been proposed as an alternative stimulus for auditory nerve stimulation and could be potentially used in the design of cochlear implant. Although the infrared with high absorption coefficient of water (i.e., wavelength ranged from 1.8 to 2.2 μm) has been widely investigated, the lymph in the cochlea absorbs most of the infrared energies, and only a small part can arrive at the target auditory nerves. The present study is aimed to test whether the short-wavelength near-infrared irradiation with lower absorption coefficients can penetrate the lymph fluid to stimulate the auditory nerves. An 808-nm near-infrared laser was chosen to stimulate the auditory nerve in the guinea pig cochlea. The infrared pulse was delivered by an optical fiber that was surgically inserted near the round window membrane and oriented toward the spiral ganglion cells in the basal turn of the cochlea. The 2-Hz infrared pulses were used to stimulate the cochlea before and after the deafness with different pulse durations (100-1,000 μs). Optically evoked compound action potentials (oCAPs) were recorded during the infrared radiation. We successfully recorded oCAPs from both normal hearing animals and deafened animals. The oCAP amplitude increased with the infrared radiation energy. The preliminary experiment suggests that the near-infrared with lower absorption coefficients can effectively pass through the lymph filled in the cochlea and stimulate the auditory nerve. Further studies will optimize the deafness animal model and determine the optimal stimulation parameters.
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