The competition between L (lip) and SP (sepal/petal) complexes in P‐code model determines the identity of complex perianth patterns in orchids. Orchid tetraspanin gene Auxin Activation Factor ( AAF ) orthologs, whose expression strongly correlated with the expansion and size of the perianth after P code established, were identified. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) of OAGL6‐2 in L complex resulted in smaller lips and the down‐regulation of Oncidium OnAAF . VIGS of PeMADS9 in L complex resulted in the enlarged lips and up‐regulation of Phalaenopsis PaAAF . Furthermore, the larger size of Phalaenopsis variety flowers was associated with higher PaAAF expression, larger and more cells in the perianth. Thus, a rule is established that whenever bigger perianth organs are made in orchids, higher OnAAF / PaAAF expression is observed after their identities are determined by P‐code complexes. Ectopic expression Arabidopsis AtAAF significantly increased the size of flower organs by promoting cell expansion in transgenic Arabidopsis due to the enhancement of the efficiency of the auxin response and the subsequent suppression of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes ( DAD1 / OPR3) and BIGPETAL gene during late flower development. In addition, auxin‐controlled phenotypes, such as indehiscent anthers, enhanced drought tolerance, and increased lateral root formation, were also observed in 35S:: AtAAF plants. Furthermore, 35S:: AtAAF root tips maintained gravitropism during auxin treatment. In contrast, the opposite phenotype was observed in palmitoylation‐deficient AtAAF mutants. Our data demonstrate an interaction between the tetraspanin AAF and auxin/JA that regulates the size of flower organs and impacts various developmental processes.
challenges can be ascribed to the following crucial issues: a) inhomogeneous dispersion of high-quality CNTs in solvent; b) the lack of a continuous large-scale fabrication method for CNT-polymer TCFs; c) the complex and costly fabrication process for obtaining CNTs with high purity. [2] In 2002, Xia's group found that AgNW could be readily prepared on a large scale, [4] thus solving the problems associated with CNTpolymer TCFs.With the development of science and technology, polymer nanocomposites are widely used in versatile applications owing to their tunable properties, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, [5] multifunctional coatings, [6] environment remediation, [7] and electronic devices. [8] Moreover, substrates, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), for device fabrication have been widely used for incorporation with AgNWs. [8] Among them, PDMS not only shows strong adhesion to AgNWs but also exhibits excellent stretchability with higher toughness and flexibility than other flexible substrates. Through the combination of AgNWs and flexible substrates, highly transparent and flexible/stretchable hybrid electrodes could be easily obtained for next-generation optoelectronics.Electrochromism is a mechanism by which some materials can exhibit reversible color conversions caused by changing their optical absorption characteristics during electrochemical reduction or oxidation processes. Numerous representative electrochromic (EC) materials have been reported, such as transition metal oxides like tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ), [9] inorganic coordinating complexes of Prussian blue [10] and terpyridine complexes, [11] conjugated polymers, [12] and organic molecules including viologen, [13] and triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives. Our group has been working on the development of TPA-containing EC materials, including TPA derivatives and TPA-based high-performance polymers , [14] for quite a long time. These materials generally are highly transparent and colorless at the neutral state and reveal obviously polyelectrochromic coloring behaviors during electrochemical oxidation. In our latest publication, panchromatic electrochromic devices (ECDs) were also successfully fabricated by using an ambipolar system of TPA derivatives and heptyl viologen (HV); the obtained devices could switch from a highly transparent and colorless neutral form to a truly black oxidized state. [15] However, most conventional ECDs exhibit their attractive properties on ITO-coated substrates. With the progress of science and technology, the development of stretchable and transparent materials as substrates has become more feasible, and interesting results concerning flexible EC systems based Novel stretchable ambipolar electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on highly transparent silver nanowire (AgNW)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hybrid electrodes are successfully prepared in this study. A facile fabrication methodology has been proposed for the preparation of highly transpa...
Excited‐state relaxation of linear merocyanine dyes in solution is investigated using time‐resolved spectroscopy techniques and quantum chemical calculations. The merocyanine L‐Mero4 and phenyl‐substituted P‐L‐Mero4 have a S‐trans and S‐cis structure, respectively, consisting of indole moiety as the donor, indandione as the acceptor, and the tetramethine as the bridge. The time‐correlated single‐photon counting (TCSPC) picosecond measurements after excitation at wavelength 515 nm to the ππ* state yield emission curves with a short component τ1 in the range of 27–160 ps and a second component τ2 of 200–780 ps for L‐Mero4. In P‐L‐Mero4, τ1 lies in the range of 18–150 ps and τ2 220–520 ps. The subfemtosecond transient absorption measurements yield a short component around 0.4–1.4 ps, and the second/third components are similar to those in the TCPSC measurements. The analysis of the experimental data demonstrates that the ground state recovery exhibits a biexponential rise and rapidly indicates that the conversion back to the electronic ground state provides a fast, nonradiative pathway. Quantum chemical calculations on the electronic structures and their dependence on the molecular confirmation are performed. We identify the excited states and the relaxation path along the twist of the center double bonds in tetramethine that might be the nonradiative pathway. The C=C double bond is weakened in the ππ* state. The phenyl substitution in the conjugated double bond weakens this C=C bond, lowers the isomerization barrier, increases the nonradiative rate, and reduces the emission quantum yield. In polar solvents, the energy of the perpendicular conformer along the trans–cis isomerization path is increased to achieve less coupling to the ground state surface. Because of the small barrier to the trans form, these two conformers establish an equilibrium condition. The trans form, which lies at a lower energy, gains more population and thus has a higher emission yield.
We employed temperature-controlled Raman spectroscopy to obtain the vibrational structures of the linear tricobalt metal-string complex Co 3 (dpa) 4 Cl 2 (dpa = di(2-pyridyl) amide) and to identify its low-lying electronic states. The density functional theory (DFT) method B3LYP*-D3 was used to obtain the molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, and electronic levels of varied spin states. Co 3 (dpa) 4 Cl 2 has sym-and unsym-forms of Co-Co metal bonding. The Raman intensities of pyridyl breathing bands appeared to be sensitive to the coordinated Co atom and hence could be used to identify both forms. In s-Co 3 crystal, the split pyridyl Raman breathing bands indicated both symmetric and unsymmetric forms. This is explained that the molecule populated both the 2 A 2 (the ground state) and possibly 2 B (reduced symmetry of 2 E) states even at 77 K. The 2 B state is coupled to the 4 B state, which has an unsymmetric Co-Co bond. As the temperature increased to 423 K, the intensity of the low-wavenumber pyridyl breathing band further increased and was attributed to the 4 B state. At 77-323 K, the Raman spectra of u-Co 3 crystal populated mostly in the 4 B state. From the SERS measurements, the samples were prepared in solution phase, and u-Co 3 displayed spectral behavior similar to that of s-Co 3 , implying that the global minimal geometry is a symmetric form.
Degenerately Sn‐doped In2O3 (ITO) nanowires were synthesized via an Au‐catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) method at 750 °C. The Au seed layer provided sites with a high surface energy for the selected‐area growth of ITO nanowires. Morphology and crystal structures confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to obtain the chemical compositions of the ITO nanowires as well as the ratio of Sn/In and oxygen concentrations. Under the photo‐excitation the ITO nanowires emit ultraviolet light, which can be ascribed to transitions related to donor levels. Moreover, photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometer and UV–VIS spectrum analysis revealed a blue shift peaks in the degenerately ITO nanowires. This phenomenon can be explained by Burstein–Moss effect.
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