A 40mA buck regulator operating in the inherently stable Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) for the entire load range is presented. A Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) control scheme is implemented using a proposed Hysteretic-Assisted Adaptive Minimum-On-Time (HA-AMOT) controller to automatically adapt the regulator to a wide range of operating scenarios in terms of input, output, and passive component values while ensuring compensation-less DCM operation with minimized inductor peak current. Thus, compact silicon area, low quiescent current, high efficiency, and robust performance across all possible scenarios can be achieved without any calibration. Moreover, power-gating is employed in the analog circuits of the proposed controller to further improve efficiency at sub-1mA loads. The regulator is integrated within a low-power microcontroller in 90nm CMOS to power its digital core while allowing maximum flexibility in the powering options of the microcontroller and the choice of the passive components. It occupies 0.1mm 2 and achieves 92% peak efficiency, and 78.5% and 86% efficiency at 200µA and 40mA loads respectively. It handles an input in the range of 1.8V-4.2V, an output in the range of 0.9V-1.4V, an inductor in the range of 4.7µH-10µH, and an output capacitor in the range of 2.2µF-10µF without any calibration or re-optimization.

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An overview of various schemes for realizing a large number of on-chip power supply domains in mixed-signal System-on-Chip (SoCs) implemented in nanometer CMOS technologies are presented. This includes two-step power conversion schemes that employ a separate Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC) to generate few shared highlyefficient power supplies, followed by secondary fully-integrated power converters to generate multiple on-chip power supplies inside the SoC. Three alternatives for implementing the secondary power converters will be discussed, which includes linear regulators as well as fully-integrated inductor-based and capacitor-based high-frequency switching regulators. An overview of single-step power conversion schemes based on Single-Inductor-Multiple-Output (SIMO) switching power converters will also be presented. The advantages and limitations of these various schemes in terms of power conversion efficiency and dynamic performance, as well as cost and size will be detailed. Some techniques to improve the above performance metrics will also be discussed.

Considering the limited information sharing between natural gas systems (NGS) and electrical power systems (EPS), this paper proposes a distributed resilience assessment method for NGS and EPS. First, a coordinated restoration framework is presented for incompletely integrated energy systems, and the collaborative benefit redistribution mechanism is proposed to motivate the participation of the cooperative restoration. Then fragility and recovery models for NGS and EPS components are developed, involving the impact of wind and rainfall during typhoons. An emergency load shedding model considering the conditional value at risk under typhoons is built, where the dynamic constraints of gas storage in NGS's pipelines is considered, and a linear approximation method is adopted to make the solution feasible. The modified alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is used to solve the problem, and herein the self-adaptive penalty factor is leveraged to boost the efficiency. Based on the valley-shaped resilience model, the concept of skewness and kurtosis are introduced to give risk-adverse metrics more systematically to the impact of extreme events. The proposed model and algorithm are validated by case studies. Except for the performance exploration, the weakness and enhancement suggestions are also concluded from the case analysis.

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