The specific differences between the testis, milt and sperm of six species of tilapia including Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus, O. niloticus, Tilapia zillii, O. nilolicus×O. aureus hybrid and red tilapia, Oreochromis sp., were studied. The shape of testis is tubular; the gonadosomatic index varied from 0.07 to 2.71. The pH values of individual milts ranged from 6.2 to 8.2 and the osmolarity from 240 to 380 mOsmol kg−1. The quantity of milt obtained by stripping averaged only about 0.3 ml, and only in the O. niloticus×O. aureus hybrid did it exceed 3 ml. Sperm motility graded from weak to moderate was determined for the stripped tilapia milt. Sperm concentrations ranged from 7.70 × 108 sperms ml−1 in T. zillii to 2.74 × 1010 sperms ml−1 in O. mossambicus. Tilapia sperm was active in various salinity ranges such as 0–5‰ for O. niloticus, and 0–15‰ for O. mossambicus and T. zillii. Extender containing 15% milk and 5% methanol was used to prepare milt mixture before cooling rapidly to −35° C and then at 5° C min−1 to −75° C for storage in liquid nitrogen (– 196° C).
Fertility tests on frozen tilapia milt resulted in a fertilization rate of 72.7% (v. control 85.7%) for the 22‐day frozen milt of the O. nilolicus×O. aureus hybrid used to fertilize the eggs of O. honorum, and 93.4% (v. control 90%) for the 304‐day frozen sperm of red tilapia used to fertilize eggs of red tilapia.
Paraquat (PQ), has been used in many countries for controlling weed growth in agriculture because of its quick-acting and nonselective contact with green plant tissue.
We propose an efficient algorithm to construct a low-power zero-skew gated clock network, given the module locations and activity information. Unlike previous works, we consider masking logic insertion and buffer insertion simultaneously, and guarantee to yield a zero-skew clock tree. Both the logical and physical information of the modules are carefully taken into consideration when determining where masking logic should be inserted. We also account for the power overhead of the control signals so that the total average power consumption of the constructed zero-skew gated clock network can be minimized. To this end, we present a recursive approach to compute the effective switched capacitance of a general gated and buffered clock network, accounting for both the clock tree's and controller tree's switched capacitance. The power consumptions of the gated clock networks constructed by our algorithm are 20 to 36% lower than those reported in the best previous work in the literature.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of mediation and moderation mechanisms between firm-level effects of transformational leadership (TFL) on unit-level performance across levels.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors used surveys to collect data from 800 senior managers at the firm level and 1,377 unit managers from 800 units of 100 firms from semiconductors, optoelectronics, computer electronics, and telecommunications industries. The industries were chosen because these firms focus on expanding their businesses and encourage extensive knowledge sharing among the firms and at all levels within the organizations.
Findings
In this study, the authors theorized that firm-level effects of TFL on unit-level performance across levels were positively related to unit-level performance. Unit-level knowledge sharing mediates the positive relationship between firm-level TFL and unit-level performance. A cross-level interaction effect of firm-level TFL and unit-level absorptive capacity showed that a positive unit-level absorptive capacity enhanced firm-level influence of TFL on unit-level knowledge sharing. Unit-level absorptive capacity moderates the positive relationship between unit-level knowledge sharing and unit-level performance.
Originality/value
First, the authors attempt to integrate the leadership and knowledge management research by exploring the critical mediator of unit-level knowledge sharing in explaining the effects of firm-level TFL on employees’ performance at the unit level. This approach is important because it extends the research areas of the two fields, and also clarifies issues regarding how and why TFL at the top of the organization positively impacts the performance of employees at a lower level of the organizational hierarchy. Second, the effectiveness of firm-level TFL depends on the absorptive capacity of each unit. The importance of absorptive capacity and the consequences of leadership behaviors have been emphasized in studies.
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