ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adults with overweight and obesity.MethodsTwenty-two articles were included by searching six databases, the total number of subjects was 620 in these articles. Outcomes were synthesised using a random-effects meta-analysis of the Standardized mean difference (SMD) in CVD risk factors.ResultsHIIT and MICT resulted in statistically significant reductions in Weight, BMI, fat%, total cholesterol(TC), and improvement in VO2max. Compared with MICT, subgroup of durations of HIIT training interval ≥2 min can significantly increase VO2max (SMD = 0.444, 95% CI:0.037~0.851,P = 0.032), subgroup of energy expenditure of HIIT equal to MICT can significantly increase VO2max (SMD = 0.399, 95% CI:0.106~0.692,P = 0.008).ConclusionsHIIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for improving body composition, VO2maxand TC, but HIIT spent less time than MICT by 9.7 min on one session. HIIT is superior to MICT in improving cardiopulmonary fitness when durations of HIIT training interval ≥2 min or energy expenditure of HIIT same as MICT. PROSPERO ID: CRD42016045835.
Fasting is known to have many health benefits such as prolonging lifespan and suppression of tumorigenesis. [1][2][3] In the present study, we systematically evaluated the effects of water-only fasting on metabolic-syndrome and age-related risk markers in 45 normal-weight individuals.As shown, a 4.59 kg reduction in body weight, 9.85 cm reduction in waist circumference, and 1.64 kg/m 2 reduction in body mass index (BMI) were observed during a 5-day water-only fast (Figures 1A-1C). After refeeding for 1 month (day 38), body weight, waist circumference, and BMI were still lower than the baseline level . Blood pressure (BP) significantly declined during water-only fasting with diastolic BP declining more than systolic BP and gradually both increased to the baseline level by 98 d (Figures 1D and 1E). Considering many fasting studies showed diastolic BP reduction did not exceed systolic BP reduction, future studies are needed on water-only fasting and BP reduction. Insulin dropped approximately 2.8-fold lower than the baseline level during water-only fasting (Figure 1F). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) decreased by a total of 26% during water-only fasting and decreased more in females than males (Figure 1G and Table S1). Future studies will address the sexual disparity of IGF-1 reduction during water-only fasting. The number of pan T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and B cells decreased during water-only fasting . In contrast, the frequency of Treg cells significantly increased during fasting and still exceeded the baseline level 3 months after refeeding (Figures 1L and 1M). This is an important benefit, since Treg cells have anti-inflammation effects. 4 With regard to thyroid hormones, T4 increased rapidly during fasting, whereas T3 and TSH decreased (Figures 1N-1P). The decreased level of T3 during water-only fasting is of particularly importance since a low T3 level, without impairing thyroid function, is strongly associated with longevity. 5,6 The present studyThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This study is aimed at comparing the effects of different exercise intensities, namely, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), on body composition, heart and lung fitness, and blood glucose, and blood pressure indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using power cycling. A total of 96 T2DM volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from a hospital in Yangpu, Shanghai. Based on the blood index data of their medical examination results which comprised blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin, 37 volunteers were included in the study. Exercise prescription was determined based on T2DM exercise guidelines combined with medical diagnosis and exercise test results, and the patients were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT group, MICT group, and control (CON) group. HIIT involved one-minute power cycling (80%–95% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)), one-minute passive or active rest (25%–30% VO2max), and two-minute rounds of eight groups. MICT required the use of a power bike for 30 minutes of continuous training (50%–70% VO2max) five times a week. The CON group was introduced to relevant medicine, exercise, and nutrition knowledge. The exercise interventions were completed under the supervision of an exercise instructor and hospital doctors. The same indicators were measured after 12 weeks of intervention, and the results of the two tests within and between groups were analyzed for comparison. The weight index of the MICT intervention showed statistically significant within-group differences ( difference = 3.52 , 95% CI = 2.11 –4.92, p = 0.001 < 0.01 ); group differences for the MICT and CON groups were also statistically significant ( difference = 3.52 ± 2.09 , Cd 1 = − 0.39 ± 1.25 , p = 0.004 < 0.01 ). Body mass index (BMI) analysis revealed that the overall means of BMI indicators were not statistically different between groups ( F = 0.369 , p = 0.694 > 0.05 ) and the before and after values of the MICT and CON ( difference = − 1.30 ± 0.79 , Cd 1 = − 0.18 ± 0.45 , p = 0.001 < 0.01 ). No statistically significant difference was observed in the overall mean VO2max index between the groups after the 12-week intervention ( F = 2.51 , p = 0.100 > 0.05 ). A statistically significant difference was found in the overall means of the data between the two groups ( difference = 0.32 , 95% CI = 0.23 –0.40, p = 0.001 < 0.01 ). Analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG) indicators revealed statistically significant differences between the MICT and control groups ( p = 0.028 < 0.05 ). Analysis of HbA1c and fasting insulin (FI) indicators revealed no statistically significant difference in the overall HbA1c index after the 12-week exercise intervention ( F = 0.523 , p = 0.598 > 0.05 ), and the overall difference before and after the experiment between the groups was statistically significant ( F = 6.13 , p = 0.006 < 0.01 ). No statistically significant difference was found in the FI index overall after the 12-week exercise intervention ( F = 2.50 , p = 0.1 > 0.05 ). Analysis of systolic blood pressure (SBP) revealed statistically significant difference before and after the HIIT and CON interventions ( Hd 7 = − 1.10 ± 1.79 , Cd 7 = 1.2 ± 1.31 , p = 0.018 < 0.05 ) and statistically significant difference before and after the MICT and CON interventions ( Md 7 = − 0.99 ± 0.91 , Cd 7 = 1.40 ± 1.78 , p = 0.02 < 0.05 ). The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) revealed no statistically significant within-group differences before and after. Exercise interventions applying both low-volume HIIT and MICT, with both intensity exercises designed for power cycling, improved health-related indicators in the participants; low-volume HIIT had more time advantage. The current experiment compared HIIT with MICT in a safe manner: 50% of the exercise time produced similar benefits and advantages in the two indicators of VO2max and FI. However, MICT was superior to HIIT in the two indicators of body weight (weight) and BMI. The effect of power cycling on FI has the advantages of both aerobic and resistance exercise, which may optimize the type, intensity, and time of exercise prescription according to the individual or the type of exercise program. Our results provide a reference for the personalization of exercise prescription for patients with T2DM.
Highlights Interrupting prolonged sitting with physical activity breaks is effective in controlling postprandial glycemia and insulin responses. Intermittently interrupting sitting with moderate-intensity physical activity is the optimal intervention strategy in reducing postprandial glycemia and insulin responses. At least a 2-min activity break every 20–30 min to interrupt prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia and insulin responses.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown in studies to enhance glucose management and cardiovascular well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we used power cycling to assess the physical activity levels of men with type 2 diabetes during a single low-volume HIIT session. First, fifty-six men with type 2 diabetes volunteered to take part in the study, and they were split into two groups based on the International Physical Activity Scale Short Form (IPA). To the first 1–4 labor bouts, both the sufficiently physically active and insufficiently physically active groups exhibited equal positive emotional reactions ( p > 0.05 ). However, over time (about 5–10 times), both of them showed reduced emotional reactions, with a significant difference ( p < 0.01 ). The insufficiently physically active group had lower mean emotional response, lowest effective response, and maximum effective response values than the sufficiently physically active group ( p < 0.001 ), while the difference in RPE between the two groups was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ). From the standpoint of emotional response, the proposed model shows that HIIT or reduced volume HIIT exercise prescriptions should be utilized with caution in physical activity programs for novices and less active and chronically sick persons. The frequency, intensity, and effects of low-volume HIIT on individuals’ emotional reactions and health conditions in the T2DM group are also investigated. Furthermore, this low-volume HIIT program can be successfully applied in the real-world setting of people who are not physically active enough or who are chronically unwell.
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