No abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancy tumors with a high morbidity additionally, CRC patients may develop liver metastasis, which is the major cause of death. Despite significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the survival rate of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients remains very low. CRLM, as a complex cascade reaction process involving multiple factors and procedures, has complex and diverse molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms/pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment of CRLM. We also focus on an overview of the recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of CRLM with a special emphasis on tumor microenvironment and promise of newer targeted therapies for CRLM, further improving the prognosis of CRLM patients.

RapidSCAN is a new portable active crop canopy sensor with three wavebands in red, red-edge, and near infrared spectral regions. The objective of this study was to determine the potential and practical approaches of using this sensor for non-destructive diagnosis of rice nitrogen (N) status. Sixteen plot experiments and ten on-farm experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 in Jiansanjiang Experiment Station of the China Agricultural University and Qixing Farm in Northeast China. Two mechanistic and three semi-empirical approaches using the sensor’s default vegetation indices, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge, were evaluated in comparison with the top performing vegetation indices selected from 51 tested indices. The results indicated that the most practical and stable method of using the RapidSCAN sensor for rice N status diagnosis is to calculate N sufficiency index with the default vegetation indices and then to estimate N nutrition index non-destructively (R2 = 0.50–0.59). This semi-empirical approach achieved a diagnosis accuracy rate of 59–76%. The findings of this study will facilitate the application of the RapidSCAN active sensor for rice N status diagnosis across growth stages, cultivars and site-years, and thus contributing to precision N management for sustainable intensification of agriculture.

devices, sensing, biological imaging, and display [1][2][3][4] due to their long-life characteristics. Carbon dots (CDs) as the emerging carbon nano-luminescent materials, due to their unique optical properties, low toxicity, chemical inertness, and easy preparation, [5][6][7][8] stand out among many luminescent materials and become the important parts of RTP materials. Different CDs fluoresce in unique ways under different states. CDs in dilute solutions have different photophysical properties compared with solid or highconcentration solutions. Moreover, CDs follow the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. [9] For example, the luminescence of CDs will be weakened in the solid-state. The reasons for the quenching are the excessive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and the π-π stacking interaction between the carbon cores, resulting in the non-radiative loss of the excited state. [10][11][12][13] The luminescence of CDs in the solid-state is obviously quenched due to the ACQ effect, which severely limits their development in the direction of RTP materials.Theoretically, the best way to prepare CDs-based RTP materials and solve the problem of CDs luminescence quenching in the solid-state, the current effective method is to stabilize triple states (T 1 ) , suppress the nonradiative transitions, and limit vibrations and rotations of molecules by embedding CDs into appropriate substrates with the help of hydrogen bonds. [14][15][16][17] The phosphorescence phenomenon in the CDsbased composite system has attracted more and more attention in recent years. [14][15][16][18][19][20][21] Gou et al. reported a series of RTP composites based on tunable polyaniline CDs (PACDs) and polymer matrices (polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)). Only green RTP emissions with adjustable lifetime have been realized by the hydrogen bonding formed between polymer matrices and PACDs. [14] Li et al. prepared an efficient CDs-based RTP material by mixing N-doped CDs (NCDs) with urea and biuret through one-pot heating method. The appearance of CN bonds creates new energy level structures. The interaction of the mixture of biuret and NCDs with composite matrices is This is the first report of full-color afterglow composites composed of four multicolored (blue, green, orange, and red) carbon dots (CDs) in polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix. Thus, adjustable four-color room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) CDs@PAM composites are prepared on a PAM platform. The abundant amide groups in PAM are connected to the functional groups in CDs by hydrogen bonds, which promote the intersystem crossover and inhibit the non-radiative relaxation of triple states (T 1 ) in CDs@PAM and effectively shield the quenching agents such as oxygen. Furthermore, the rigid hydrogen bond mesh structure is beneficial to the stability of T 1 in CDs@PAM. In addition, the results of electron spin resonance reveal that the afterglow of CDs@PAM composites is not caused by oxygen defects and the increase of oxygen defects hinders the emissio...