The presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in poultry diets decreases the hatchability, hatchling weight, growth rate, meat and egg production, meat and egg quality, vaccination efficiency, as well as impairing the feed conversion ratio and increasing the susceptibility of birds to disease and mortality. AFB1 is transferred from poultry feed to eggs, meat, and other edible parts, representing a threat to the health of consumers because AFB1 is carcinogenic and implicated in human liver cancer. This review considers how AFB1 produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains can affect the immune system, antioxidant defense system, digestive system, and reproductive system in poultry, as well as its effects on productivity and reproductive performance. Nutritional factors can offset the effects of AFB1 in poultry and, thus, it is necessary to identify and select suitable additives to address the problems caused by AFB1 in poultry.

Adding a small amount of a processing additive to the casting solution of photoactive organic blends has been demonstrated to be an effective method for achieving improved power conversion effi ciency (PCE) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, an understanding of the nano-structural evolution occurring in the transformation from casting solution to thin photoactive fi lms is still lacking. In this report, the effects of the processing additive diiodooctane (DIO) on the morphology of the established blend of PBDTTT-C-T polymer and the fullerene derivative PC 71 BM used for OPVs are investigated, starting in the casting solution and tracing the effects in spun-cast thin fi lms by using neutron/X-ray scattering, neutron refl ectometry, and other characterization techniques. The results reveal that DIO has no observable effect on the structures of PBDTTT-C-T and PC 71 BM in solution; however, in the spun-cast fi lms, it signifi cantly promotes their molecular ordering and phase segregation, resulting in improved PCE. Thermodynamic analysis based on Flory-Huggins theory provides a rationale for the effects of DIO on different characteristics of phase segregation due to changes in concentration resulting from evaporation of the solvent and additive during fi lm formation. Such information may help improve the rational design of ternary blends to more consistently achieve improved PCE for OPVs. and renewable next-generation energy sources. Remarkable progress has been made in improving the power conversion effi ciency (PCE) of OPVs above 11% by a combination of new materials synthesis, morphology optimization and advanced device engineering. [ 1,2 ] For high effi ciency solar cells, conjugated polymers are required to have a broad light absorption spectrum that effectively overlaps the solar spectrum for effective exciton generation, and high charge carrier mobility for efficient charge transport and collection. In order to meet these criteria, much effort has been expended to synthesize new conjugated polymers, in particular low band gap polymers. [ 3,4 ] Also, the PCE of an OPV device strongly depends on the nanoscale morphology of the electron donor (ED) and acceptor (EA) in the active layer. [ 5 ] The ideal morphology has been postulated to be the bulk heterojunction (BHJ), where the ED and EA form a nanoscale bicontinuous network. This nanoscale network ensures short path lengths for exciton diffusion, large interfacial area between ED and EA for effective exciton separation, and suffi cient network connectivity pathways for effective charge transport and collection. To achieve different BHJ morphologies, a variety of processing techniques have been explored such as

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The reaction of dicyclopentadienylhexacarbonyldichromium with elemental selenium at ambient temperature provides a simple route to ( T ~~-C ~H ~) ~C ~~( C O ) ~S ~(1) and (q5-C5H5)2Cr2(C0)4Se2 (2) in high yields.

a b s t r a c tA series of chitosan bis(methylphenylcarbamate)-(isobutyrylamide) derivatives were synthesized by carbamylating chitosan isobutyrylamide with different methylphenyl isocyanates. Then the prepared chitosan derivatives were coated onto 3-aminopropyl silica particles, resulting in a series of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high-performance liquid chromatography. It was observed that the chiral recognition abilities of these coated-type CSPs depended very much on the substituents on the phenyl moieties of the chitosan derivatives, the eluent composition, as well as the structure of racemates. As a typical example, the eluent tolerance of the prepared CSP with the best enantioseparation ability was investigated in detail, and the results revealed that the CSP exhibited extraordinary solvent tolerance and could still work without significant loss in enantioseparation capability after being flushed with chloroform (100%), ethyl acetate (100%) and even THF/n-hexane (70/30, v/v), while the traditional coated-type CSPs based on the cellulose and amylose derivatives, such as cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) and amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADMPC), might be dissolved or highly swollen in these eluents. Therefore, the application of the resultant CSPs could address the problem of the dissolution and high swelling of traditional coated-type CSPs in some unusual eluents, broadening the possibility of eluent choice. In addition, a comparison of the prepared CSPs with the well known CDMPC-and ADMPC-based CSPs concerning the chiral recognition ability was also made. Separation performances achieved on the as-prepared CSPs in different eluents were found to be even superior to CDMPC-and ADMPC-based CSPs for the tested chiral compounds. In summary, we could safely draw the conclusion that the CSPs derived from chitosan isobutyrylamide derivatives were capable of excellent chiral recognition ability, and meanwhile possessed satisfactory eluent tolerance in a wider range of solvents.

The goal of this study was to develop new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with high chiral recognition capability and high compatibility with the so-called "nonstandard solvents". Seven new chitosan bis(phenylcarbamate)-(N-cyclobutylformamide) derivatives were synthesized from chitosan with high degree of deacetylation as a starting material. The corresponding chiral stationary phases (CSPs 1-7) were prepared with the chitosan derivatives as chiral selectors (CSs). The enantioseparation capability of CSPs 1-7 was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography with nineteen analytes. In comparison with the CSPs of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) and amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADMPC), the prepared CSPs generally demonstrated excellent enantioseparation capability, particularly for the CSP derived from chitosan bis(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate)-(N-cyclobutylformamide). Moreover, the CSPs in the present study could separate some analytes better, making them complementary for enantioseparations with the CSPs of CDMPC and ADMPC. The tolerability of the CSP with the best enantioseparation capability to organic solvents was investigated. The results showed that it could work in pure ethyl acetate, pure chloroform, and a normal phase containing 70% tetrahydrofuran, which are prevented from enantioseparation by the coating type CSPs of CDMPC and ADMPC. As these chitosan derivatives were almost insoluble in most organic solvents, the corresponding CSPs can work in a wide range of mobile phases. In addition, the influence of the position and electron effects of methyl and chloro groups introduced onto the CSs and the composition of mobile phases on enantioseparation was also discussed.

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Internalisation of edible food nanoemulsions by CaCo-2 intestinal cells. The structure of edible nanoemulsions increases five times upon incorporation of reactive/ROS producing nutrients/APIs.