Biological fate of food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry – internalisation, transport and cytotoxicity of edible nanoemulsions in Caco-2 intestinal cells

Wooster, Tim J.; Moore, Sean C.; Chen, Wei; Andrews, Helen; Addepalli, Rama; Seymour, Robert B.; Osborne, Simone A.

doi:10.1039/c7ra07804h

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…In contrast, when a nonencapsulated compound is added at concentrations above its solubility, it is not able to efficiently reach the microbial cell membranes. This is in agreement with previous data collected by the researchers about the antibacterial or antifungal activity of different EOs in emulsified form, with respect to their free form [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Moreover, it has been suggested that the emulsifier might also play a notable role in the micelle-mediated mass transfer of the EO that is released from the emulsion droplets and/or which permeate through biological membranes .…”

Section: After Preparationsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Different nanoemulsion formulations were tested, whose formulations are described in detail in Table 1. In general, BEO was mixed with CO to prevent Ostwald ripening [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], in a weight ratio of 1:1, determined through preliminary experiments. Blank nanoemulsions were prepared by completely replacing BEO with CO. Nanoemulsions were stabilized using different emulsifiers, such as WP, WP in combination with MS (1:1 wt ratio), SE, GMO in combination with T20 (1:1 wt ratio), based on previously tested nanoemulsion formulations [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Nanoemulsion Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the preliminary studies reported in this work suggest caution in the direct use of BEO nanoemulsions as preservative agents in food, because of the potential risks associated with human consumption at the concentrations at which antimicrobial activity against E. coli, L. delbrueckii, and S. cerevisiae is observed. At these concentration levels, a notable reduction is observed in the viability of Caco-2 cells, which are used to assess the cytotoxicity in the small intestine [35,36]. Therefore, it can be considered that BEO nanoemulsions are more suitable for therapeutic applications, to replace the use of organic solvents, such as ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide, typically used to dissolve BEO and other hydrophobic compounds [74].…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caco-2 cells were selected because they are routinely used in the assessment of potential cytotoxicity of nanoemulsions on the small intestine [35,36]. However, they are used also in the study of anticancer activity of EOs nanoemulsions for therapeutic applications [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions: antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity

Marchese

Balestrieri

Castaldo³

et al. 2020

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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AbstractBergamot essential oil (BEO) is well-known for its food preservation activity, as well as anticancer efficacy. However, the poor BEO water solubility and deriving low bioaccessibility have limited its wider applications. The incorporation in nanoemulsions of BEO and its refined fractions was investigated to enhance its dispersibility in water to promote its antimicrobial activity, tested against Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its cytotoxicity already at low concentrations. Different nanoemulsion formulations were tested based on food-grade ingredients, which were characterized in terms of hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index, and physical stability. The antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro-organisms was observed to be higher for BEO in its initial composition, than the light fraction, richer in d-limonene, ß-pinene, and γ-terpinene, or the heavy fraction, richer in linalyl acetate and linalool. Remarkably, the use of BEO nanoemulsions notably enhanced the antimicrobial activity for all the tested oils. BEO exhibited also a measurable cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 cells, which was also enhanced by the use of the different nanoemulsions tested, in comparison with free oil, which discourages the direct use of BEO nanoemulsions as a food preservative. Conversely, BEO nanoemulsions might find use in therapeutic applications as anticarcinogenic agents.

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Section: After Preparationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Nanoemulsion Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions: antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity

Marchese

Balestrieri

Castaldo³

et al. 2020

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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“…Arechabala et al tested various surfactants against normal human fibroblasts, and in their study, Tween 80 appeared to be the least cytotoxic [29]. It is successfully used in other nanoemulsions with no cytotoxic effect-with applications for skin [30,31] and food [32]. The CBD was evaluated by Petrosino et al in the HaCaT cell line-no effect was observed with 1, 5, 10, and 20 µM of CBD after 6, 12, and 24 h [33].…”

Section: Biological Skin Response In Vitro and In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Process Design of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion for Delivering Poorly Soluble Cannabidiol Oil

Lewińska

2021

Processes

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Process approaches and intensification technological processes are integrated parts of available devices, which have a positive effect on the parameters of the obtained products. Nanoemulsions as delivery carriers are becoming more popular and there is a real need to increase the possibilities of formulation designing and engineering. Therefore, preparations of oil-in-water nanoemulsion with encapsulated cannabidiol (CBD) as oil phase were carried out in two ways: sonication method and two-stage high-pressure homogenization. The provided analysis showed spherical morphology and much larger sizes and polydispersity of nanoemulsions obtained by the sonication approach. The size of nanodroplets was from 216 nm up to 1418 nm for sonication, whereas for homogenization 128–880 nm. Additionally, it was observed that a proportionally higher percentage of surfactin resulted in a higher value of the Zeta potential. The formulations were found to be stable for at least 30 days. The in vitro experiments performed on human skin cell lines (HaCaT keratinocytes and normal dermal NHDF fibroblasts), and in vivo topical tests on probants established the biocompatibility of nanoemulsions with CBD. The last stage exhibits reduced discoloration and a higher degree of hydration by the selected systems with CBD and, thus indicating this nanoformulation as useful in cosmetics applications.

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Microbial biosurfactant based nanoemulsions and their applications: A review

Yoosuf,

Nambiar

2023

J Surfact & Detergents

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Nanoemulsions exhibit a wide range of practical applications owing to their smaller particle size, stability, and enhanced bioavailability. Conventional surfactants widely used in nanoemulsion formulations namely, polysorbate 80, macrogolglycerol ricinoleate, and 4‐octylphenol polyethoxylate have been associated with anaphylactoid responses, alterations in normal flora, cytotoxicity and tissue damage. The use of less toxic, environment‐friendly microbial biosurfactants in the formulation of nanoemulsions have been demonstrated to manifest stability, slow drug release, enhanced skin permeability, and bioactivity. The type and composition of mixed microbial biosurfactants used in nanoemulsions can decrease the droplet size and synergistically increase the stability. Moreover, a lower concentration of drug‐loaded surfactin‐based nanoemulsion synergistically inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells by 50% (IC50). The scope of the current review is to focus on the prospect of substituting conventional surfactants with biosurfactants obtained from microbial origin for nanoemulsion formulations. It also aims to draw attention to the paucity of research in the combinatorial study of biosurfactants and functional drugs used in nanoemulsions. The review emphasizes the bioactivity of microbial biosurfactant‐based nanoemulsions and their applications in diverse sectors. The differences in emulsion stability and size of microbial biosurfactant and conventional surfactant‐based nanoemulsions have been highlighted. The study intends to promote comparative research between nanoemulsions prepared using conventional surfactants and microbial biosurfactants.

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Biological fate of food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry – internalisation, transport and cytotoxicity of edible nanoemulsions in Caco-2 intestinal cells

Abstract: Internalisation of edible food nanoemulsions by CaCo-2 intestinal cells. The structure of edible nanoemulsions increases five times upon incorporation of reactive/ROS producing nutrients/APIs.

Cited by 33 publications

References 80 publications

Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions: antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity

Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions: antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity

Optimizing the Process Design of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion for Delivering Poorly Soluble Cannabidiol Oil

Microbial biosurfactant based nanoemulsions and their applications: A review

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