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Abstract. Due to technical and cost limitations, the monitoring of emissions from ships sailing in open water within ship emission control areas (ECAs) is relatively rare. The present study adopts a monitoring method involving an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off from a patrol boat to measure the concentrations of SO2 and CO2 within the plumes of sailing ships. Our method aims to provide a low-cost, remote approach for estimating the fuel sulfur content (FSC) of sailing ships in open water, which overcomes the limitations of ground-based and small-aircraft-based methods. The selected monitoring area was the Yangtze River estuary, a domestic ECA with an FSC limit of 0.5 % (m∕m) implemented by the Chinese government. A total of 27 sailing ships were monitored, 12 of which were found to have an FSC of >0.5 % (m∕m). Moreover, the FSCs of the sailing ships were found to be higher than those of berthing ships in the study area. Based upon the online monitoring results, four of the monitored ships were intercepted by maritime law enforcement, and fuel samples were collected and analyzed in a laboratory; the results confirmed that all four FSCs were >0.5 % (m∕m). Among them, one offending ship was tracked down on 15 July 2019; this was the first time that a sailing ship had been caught for having failed the FSC regulations in China. Overall, the present study provides scientific support for evaluating the effectiveness of ECA policies and recommends that emissions from sailing ships be monitored more often in open water in the future.

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Utilization of titanium components made by powder metallurgy methods has had limited acceptance largely due to the high cost of titanium (Ti) powder. There has been renewed interest in lower cost economical powders and several Ti reduction methods that produce a particulate product show promise. This talk summarizes work done at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to consolidate these economical powders into mill products. Press and sinter consolidation, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and direct roll consolidation to make sheet have been explored. The characteristics of the consolidated products will be described as a function of the consolidation parameters.

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A 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined oral administration of the yeast Rhodotorula sp. H26 and bacterium Bacillus sp. BC26 on growth, digestive enzyme activity, body composition, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in the juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers were divided into four groups and received one of the following diets: BD) basal diet; H) H26; B) BC26; HB) H26 + BC26. After feeding for 4 and/or 8 weeks, sea cucumbers fed the HB diet showed a significant increase in specific growth rate, pepsin, trypsin, amylase, and lipase activities, and body wall crude protein, carbohydrate, arachidonic and adrenic acids contents compared with the BD and/or single probiont (H26 and/or BC26) groups. Feeding the mixture significantly improved phagocytic activity and respiratory burst of the coelomocytes, and lysozyme activity and phenoloxidase activity of the coelomic fluid supernatant and coelomocyte lysate supernatant compared with the BD and and/or single probiont (H26 and/or BC26) groups. Gel electrophoresis revealed that the mixture of H26 and BC26 did not significantly affect the composition of intestinal microbiota. These data suggest that a mixture of H26 and BC26 supplementation can improve the growth, enhance digestive enzyme activity, add nutritional value, and stimulate the innate immune system of sea cucumber juveniles.

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