Scheme 1 a a Conditions: (a) synthesis scheme of R-vinyl-ω-(phenyl) end-functionalized P3HT; (b) R-vinyl-ω-(phenyl) end-functionalized P3HT is activated by s-BuLi and forms 3, which subsequently serves as an anionic macroinitiator for the synthesis of P3HT-P2VP; dppp ) propane-1,3-diylbis-(diphenylphosphane).

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In this article, we have proposed a nanostructured near-ultraviolet photodetector ͑Ͻ400 nm͒ based on the ZnO nanorod/polyfluorene hybrid by solution processes at low temperature. The current-voltage characteristic of the hybrid device demonstrates the typical pn-heterojunction diode behavior, consisting of p-type polymer and n-type ZnO nanorods, respectively. The relative quantum efficiencies of the hybrid device exhibit a nearly three order difference while illuminated under UV and visible light, respectively. The responsivity for the device can reach to 0.18 A / W at 300 nm by applying a bias of −2 V, which provides a route to fabricate a low-cost near-UV photodetector.

Experimental methods, characterization data and 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra of monomers for all polymers are described below.Materials. Fluorene, 3-bromothiophene, 3-thiophenecarboxaldehyde and malononitrile were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. 9,9-Dihexylfluorene. 1 To a solution of 5.0 gm (30.1 mmol) of fluorene in THF (60 ml) at -78 o C was added dropwise, 25 ml (62.5 mmol) of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane).The mixture was stirred at -78 o C for 1 h, and 11.5 gm (70 mmol) of 1-bromohexane in THF (15 ml) was added dropwise to the mixture. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for overnight. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with ether (3 X 30 ml). The organic layer was washed with brine solution and dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . The solvent was removed by reduced

An ordered nanostructure can be created from the hybrid materials of self-assembly poly(3-hexyl thiophene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) and nicotinic acid-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P3HT-b-P2VP/TiO(2)). TEM and XRD analyses reveal that the TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) are preferentially confined in the P2VP domain of P3HT-b-P2VP whereas TiO(2) NPs interact with either pure P3HT or a blend of P3HT and P2VP to produce microsized phase segregation. The morphologies of lamellar and cylindrical structures are disturbed when the loading of TiO(2) NPs is 40 wt % or higher. Cylindrical P3HT-b-P2VP/TiO(2) exhibits a small blue shift in absorption and photoluminescence spectra with increasing TiO(2) loading as compared to P3HT/TiO(2). The NPs cause a slightly misaligned P3HT domain in the copolymer. Furthermore, the PL quenching of P3HT-b-P2VP/TiO(2) becomes very large as a result of efficient charge separation in the ordered nanodomain at 16 nm. Solar cells fabricated from self-assembly P3HT-b-P2VP/TiO(2) hybrid materials exhibit a >30 fold improvement in power conversion efficiency as compared to the corresponding 0.3P3HT-0.7P2VP/TiO(2) polymer blend hybrid. This study paves the way for the further development of high-efficiency polymer-inorganic nanoparticle hybrid solar cells using a self-assembled block copolymer.