Turcellaotitidis and A. otitidis were present with a much higher frequency than previously described, lending evidence that they be considered normal otic flora. Corynebacterium auris, previously reported only in children, was isolated from normal adults.
The observed albedo over a natural water surface, as a function of solar elevation and cloud cover, is reproduced semi-theoretically by considering the distribution of slope on the sea surface. The relation of the albedo to the wind velocity and the turbidity of the atmosphere is also considered.
Buoy and satellite observations of mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) over the East China Sea in the vicinity of the Kuroshio current have been made during 14-18 February 1975, as a part of the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Surface observations of solar radiation from spar buoys indicate the distinct passage of open and closed MCC that formed and continued for three consecutive days during an outbreak of cold polar air over the much warmer Kuroshio. A critical air-sea temperature of -5°C for the occurrence of MCC has been substantiated. The time required for the passage of solar radiation peaks coupled with the buoy wind speed gave a computed closed cell diameter of 28 km, comparable to estimates from satellite photographs.The horizontal component of wind beneath the cloudy portion of a closed cell, due to convection, has been estimated as 0.6 m s-l. This represents the speed at which air near the sea surface moves from the edge toward the center of a closed cell. Also, the temperature difference obtained near the sea surface between the relatively cold descending branch and the warm ascending branch is 0.2"C. Similarly, the specific humidity difference of the less moist descending air near the edge and the moist ascending air near cell center is 9% (-0.4 g/kg). Some indications were also found in the variation of horizontal wind direction with the passage of closed cells, since wind variations at the edge of passing cells exceeded the mean sequential variability (10.6" compared to 9.4").Sensible heat flux calculations associated with closed MCC suggest that strong surface heating can be associated with closed cells, previously reported by Hubert (1966) to be a characteristic of only open cells.Finally, the results of this study should remove any disclaimers that MCC appear in satellite photography simply because of a resolution bias and that the consideration of all visible clouds actually present would remove any periodicity one might expect to see in surface observations.
This paper summarizes the results of a 13-day study of variability of surface winds during project Jasin, the British Joint Air-Sea Interaction study that took place in the north Atlantic Ocean west of Ireland during September 1972. Observations were made from toroid buoys placed in two nested equilateral triangles 17 and 100 km on a side. The results show a surprising variability in the wind field as revealed in spectra of wind velocity components. Evidence of horizontal roll vortices and inertial oscillations are found in the data. Spectral densities of wind speed are large at a period ot'4 days, fall off rapidly with frequency up to 0.1 cph, then decrease approximately proportional to n -•, where n is frequency, up to n = 3 cph. Observations of mesoscale processes are required for understanding the interaction between the small-scale transfersof momentum, heat, and water vapor near the earth's surface and synoptic scale atmospheric and oceanic fields. This understanding is particularly important for the numerical modeling of the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, which requires parameterizations of subgrid scale processes, including those in boundary layers. Predictive numerical models also require information on the temporal and areal representativehess of intermittent point observations to determine initialization procedures and errors due to lack of resolution of the models. Two of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (Garp)subprograms, the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (Bomex), and the Garp Atlantic Tropical Experiment had as their objectives the investigation of the interaction of synoptic scale atmospheric velocity and scale fields with smaller scales, particularly their interaction with boundary layers over the ocean. There have been relatively few observations of mesoscale phenomena over the ocean, where observations are usually more difficult than over land. However, there are no influences of topography over the ocean, an advantage for investigating those physical processes that do n6t depend upon topography. Most of the mesoscale observations over the ocean have been by aircraft for spatial scales [e.g., Donelan and Miyake, 1973] and from single buoys on ships for temporal scales [e.g., Millard, 1971]. There is increasing theoretical and observational evidence that horizontal vortices (rolls or Langmuir circulations) are present in both the oceanic and the at: toospheric boundary layer [e.g., Brown, 1970; LeMone, 1973; Assafet al., 1971] and that their influence extends very close to the air-sea interface [Leavitt, 1973]. The purpose of this paper is to describe wind observations made from an array of buoys moored in the open ocean. The scales measured range from 10 rain to 13 days in time and from 17 to 100 km in space. The observations are analyzed to show spatial and temporal variability of the wind field and to demonstrate the feasibility of mesoscale observations from an array of buoys in the open ocean. OBSERVATIONS Observations were made as a part of th...
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