Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account annually for almost one third of all deaths
worldwide. Among the CVD, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is related to
more than half of those outcomes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent
risk factor for SAH because it causes functional and structural damage to the
arterial wall, leading to stiffness. Several studies have related oxidative
stress, production of free radicals, and neuroendocrine and genetic changes to
the physiopathogenesis of vascular aging. Indirect ways to analyze that aging
process have been widely studied, pulse wave velocity (PWV) being considered
gold standard to assess arterial stiffness, because there is large
epidemiological evidence of its predictive value for cardiovascular events, and
it requires little technical knowledge to be performed. A pulse wave is
generated during each cardiac contraction and travels along the arterial bed
until finding peripheral resistance or any bifurcation point, determining the
appearance of a reflected wave. In young individuals, arteries tend to be more
elastic, therefore, the reflected wave occurs later in the cardiac cycle,
reaching the heart during diastole. In older individuals, however, the reflected
wave occurs earlier, reaching the heart during systole. Because PWV is an
important biomarker of vascular damage, highly valuable in determining the
patient’s global cardiovascular risk, we chose to review the articles on
vascular aging in the context of cardiovascular risk factors and the tools
available to the early identification of that damage.
This study compared the acute effects of a session of different high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols and a session of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The trial included 44 participants (age: 55.91 ± 1.25 years; BMI: 28.95 ± 0.67 kg/m2; Hb1Ac: 9.1 ± 2.3%; 76 mmol/mol) randomized into three exercise protocols based on the velocity at which maximum oxygen consumption was obtained (vVO2 max): long HIIE (2 min at 100% vV̇o2peak + 2 min of passive rest); short HIIE (30 s at 100% vV̇o2peak + 30 s of passive rest); or MICE (14 min at 70% vV̇o2peak) on a treadmill. Capillary blood glucose, BP, and HR measurements were taken at rest, during peak exercise, immediately after the end of exercise, and 10 min after exercise. Long and short HIIE protocols reduced capillary blood glucose by 32.14 mg/dL and 31.40 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced systolic BP by 12.43 mmHg and 8.73 mmHg, respectively. No significant changes were observed for MICE. HIIE was found to promote more acute effects than MICE on glycemia and BP in people with DM2.
Participants from both groups improved their physical fitness and showed satisfactory compliance and tolerability to the interventions. The supervised exercise was more effective in improving muscle strength and some physical fitness parameters.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.