Supragingival plaque is permanently in contact with saliva. However, the extent to which the microbiota contributes to the salivary bacterial population remains unclear. We compared the compositional shift in the salivary bacterial population with that in supragingival plaque following periodontal therapy. Samples were collected from 19 patients with periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy (mean sample collection interval, 25.8±2.6 months), and their bacterial composition was investigated using barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic community analysis using the UniFrac distance metric revealed that the overall bacterial community composition of saliva is distinct from that of supragingival plaque, both pre- and post-therapy. Temporal variation following therapy in the salivary bacterial population was significantly smaller than in the plaque microbiota, and the post-therapy saliva sample was significantly more similar to that pre-therapy from the same individual than to those from other subjects. Following periodontal therapy, microbial richness and biodiversity were significantly decreased in the plaque microbiota, but not in the salivary bacterial population. The operational taxonomic units whose relative abundances changed significantly after therapy were not common to the two microbiotae. These results reveal the compositional stability of salivary bacterial populations against shifts in the supragingival microbiota, suggesting that the effect of the supragingival plaque microbiota on salivary bacterial population composition is limited.

While mutans streptococci have long been assumed to be the specific pathogen responsible for human dental caries, the concept of a complex dental caries-associated microbiota has received significant attention in recent years. Molecular analyses revealed the complexity of the microbiota with the predominance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella in carious dentine lesions. However, characterization of the dentin caries-associated microbiota has not been extensively explored in different ethnicities and races. In the present study, the bacterial communities in the carious dentin of Japanese subjects were analyzed comprehensively with molecular approaches using the16S rRNA gene. Carious dentin lesion samples were collected from 32 subjects aged 4–76 years, and the 16S rRNA genes, amplified from the extracted DNA with universal primers, were sequenced with a pyrosequencer. The bacterial composition was classified into clusters I, II, and III according to the relative abundance (high, middle, low) of Lactobacillus. The bacterial composition in cluster II was composed of relatively high proportions of Olsenella and Propionibacterium or subdominated by heterogeneous genera. The bacterial communities in cluster III were characterized by the predominance of Atopobium, Prevotella, or Propionibacterium with Streptococcus or Actinomyces. Some samples in clusters II and III, mainly related to Atopobium and Propionibacterium, were novel combinations of microbiota in carious dentin lesions and may be characteristic of the Japanese population. Clone library analysis revealed that Atopobium sp. HOT-416 and P. acidifaciens were specific species associated with dentinal caries among these genera in a Japanese population. We summarized the bacterial composition of dentinal carious lesions in a Japanese population using next-generation sequencing and found typical Japanese types with Atopobium or Propionibacterium predominating.

Increasing attention is being focused on evaluating the salivary microbiota as a promising method for monitoring oral health; however, its bacterial composition greatly differs from that of dental plaque microbiota, which is a dominant etiologic factor of oral diseases. This study evaluated the relative abundance of subgingival plaque-specific bacteria in the salivary microbiota and examined a relationship between the abundance and severity of periodontal condition in patients with periodontitis. Four samples (subgingival and supragingival plaques, saliva, and tongue coating) per each subject were collected from 14 patients with a broad range of severity of periodontitis before periodontal therapy. The bacterial composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using Ion PGM. Of the 66 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing the mean relative abundance of ≥ 1% in any of the four niches, 12 OTUs corresponding to known periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, were characteristically predominant in the subgingival plaque and constituted 37.3 ± 22.9% of the microbiota. The total relative abundance of these OTUs occupied only 1.6 ± 1.2% of the salivary microbiota, but significantly correlated with the percentage of diseased sites (periodontal pocket depth ≥ 4 mm; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), in addition to the abundance of subgingival plaque microbiota (r = 0.61, P = 0.02). After periodontal therapy, the total relative abundance of these 12 OTUs was evaluated as well as before periodontal therapy and reductions of the abundance through periodontal therapy were strongly correlated in saliva and subgingival plaque (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Based on these results, salivary microbiota might be a promising target for the evaluation of subgingival plaque-derived bacteria representing the present condition of periodontal health.

La paracoccidioidomicosis es una micosis profunda, enfermedad granulomatosa subaguda o crónica, que compromete la piel, mucosas, ganglios linfáticos y órganos internos, de evolución maligna, sin tendencia a la curación espontánea. Realizamos una revisión de lo publicado sobre esta patología y reportamos un caso que representa una forma visceral pura, de presentación rara, aunque existen unos pocos casos publicados sobre todo en la literatura peruana y brasilera.

RESUMENIntroducción: La prevalencia de la litiasis biliar ha sido demostrada en varios países. En nuestro país es la causa principal de patologías quirúrgicas en varios servicios de cirugía, existen pocos estudios sobre el comportamiento de esta patología en el Paraguay. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de litiasis biliar en personas asintomáticas en un hospital paraguayo de referencia. Material y Métodos: En este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, se analizan por ecografía abdominal personas concurrentes al Hospital de Clínicas, que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión para detección de litiasis vesicular. Utilizando métodos ecográficos estudiamos 58 personas: 30 Mujeres y 28 Hombres con edades de entre 20 a 70 Años. Estimada por el análisis estadístico para estudios descriptivos de una variable dicotómica con nivel de confianza del 95% y seleccionados por conveniencia. Resultados: Se encontraron 4 casos de 58 personas estudiadas (prevalencia de 7%), todos los casos fueron en mujeres de entre 32 a 56 años, 2 personas en edad fértil y 2 personas en edad no fértil. Conclusión: La prevalencia ecográfica de litiasis vesicular en personas asintomáticas fue de 7%. Es un tema novedoso a nivel nacional y latinoamericano. Este estudio podría ser de mucho valor para investigaciones futuras relacionadas al tema.Palabras claves: Litiasis biliar, Ecografia, Prevalencia. SUMMARy Introduction:The prevalence of gallstones has been demonstrated in several countries. In our country is the main cause of surgical pathologies in several surgical services, there are few studies on the behavior of this pathology in Paraguay. Objetive: Show the prevalence of gallstones in asymptomatic patients in a Paraguayan referral hospital. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study, are analyzed by abdominal ultrasonography patients attending the Hospital de Clínicas, who meet the inclusion criteria for vesicular lithiasis. Using ultrasound methods, we studied 58 people: 30 women and 28 men with ages between 20 and 70 years. Estimated by statistical analysis for descriptive studies of a dichotomous variable with 95% confidence level and selected for convenience. Results: Four cases of 58 people were studied (prevalence of 7%), all cases were in women between 32 to 56 years, 2 people of childbearing age and 2 people of nonfertile age. Conclusion: The ultrasound prevalence of vesicular lithiasis in asymptomatic individuals was 7%. It is a new topic at national and Latin American level. This study could be of great value for future research related to the subject. Key Words: Bile Stone, Ultrasonography, Prevalence. . También existen literaturas que hablan sobre la patología en sí 8,9,10 pero no se cuentan con estudios de incidencia a largo plazo. PreVAleNCIA de lITIASIS bIlIAr eN PerSoNAS CoNCurreNTeS Al HoSPITAl de ClíNICASSe han realizado múltiples trabajos acerca de la prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en varias regiones de los Estados Unidos de América, sur y norte de Europa y Asia,...

El adenocarcinoma de intestino delgado es una neoplasia poco frecuente que afecta generalmente a personas de edad adulta mayores de 60 años y debutan generalmente como una oclusión intestinal alta de causa desconocida de difícil evaluación por la colonoscopía y endoscopía digestiva alta por la localización de la lesión. El método de diagnóstico más utilizado es la Tomografía contrastada donde se puede ver una masa y la zona de transición entre el intestino delgado normal y dilatado por arriba de la tumoración. Palabras claves: adenocarcinoma de yeyuno, oclusión intestinal en intestino delgado.