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To establish if male hegemony continued to exist in high school athletics within the USA and to determine the extent that homologous reproduction (hiring people of the same gender) might be a contributing factor, the administrative structures of 480 high school athletic departments were analyzed. The gender of each school's principal, athletic director, and coaches were collected from The National Directory of High School Coaches. Male hegemony was found to exist since men dominated both principal (76%) and athletic director (85%) positions, however evidence of homologous reproduction was only evident at the coaching level. The culture of hegemonic masculinity within athletics might be sustained more as a result of sex-role theory or gender-based schematic processing, rather than homologous reproduction.

The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of the current state of women journalists within the sports departments at newspapers across the United States. This investigation involved a determination of their demographic make-up, job status within the sports department, rationale for entering the field, and advice for younger women preparing to follow in their footsteps. The findings suggest that although the large majority of women have faced discrimination in the sport media, they believe improvements have been made towards equity. The majority of respondents noted that they were happy with the assignments they had been given. Subjects did, however, feel that they were assigned to cover females more than their male counterparts, and some responses regarding dissatisfaction with their positions was also noted. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005media, sport, female, journalist, reporters,

The purpose of this study was to determine if the coverage given to female and male interscholastic athletics was a function of the gender of the individuals who make up newspaper sports departments. The degree to which males controlled and dominated the newspaper coverage of interscholastic sports was also assessed. The study revealed, from the examination of 1792 articles and 827 photographs, that the newspaper media was clearly the domain of males who made up 91.4% of the reporters, 78.6% of the photographers, 100% of the executive sports editors, and 91.3% of the high school sports editors. The study further determined that there was no association between the gender of the newspaper personnel and the amount of coverage given to female and male interscholastic athletics. Female and male reporters, photographers, and editors were found equally responsible for the under-represented coverage of girls' interscholastic athletics.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if the job descriptions for interscholastic athletic directors (AD) used by school districts contained some form of gender bias that might deny women the opportunity to compete for those positions. Job descriptions were collected from 112 school districts within the state of Texas. A content analysis of each job description showed that 17% of the job descriptions listed as a qualification that the AD also serve as the head football coach (HFC). The link between the AD position and the HFC suggests that those districts may be engaging in an unfair employment practice because the courts have determined that such a requirement fails to meet the standard as a bona fide occupational requirement. In addition to the analysis of this possible systemic barrier for women in interscholastic athletics, suggestions are offered for further research to explore the root causes of the disparity between the number of men and women who serve as athletic directors.

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of gender-biased or stereotypical coverage in the written and photographic newspaper reporting of interscholastic sports. Over a one-year timeframe, a total of 602 newspaper issues were randomly selected from Florida’s 43 daily newspapers. These daily issues contained 1792 articles and 827 photographs that fit the criteria for inclusion. The results of the study were consistent with previous research on the media’s stereotypical coverage of athletics. Both female and male athletics were over-represented in both written and photographic coverage of traditionally accepted “sex appropriate” sports. Male athletics were under-represented in both written and photographic coverage of “sex inappropriate” sports. Female athletics, when analyzing their participation in “sex inappropriate” sports, were under-represented in the photographic coverage but not in the written coverage. Overall, there existed hegemonic masculinity within the sports pages of the Florida print media.