Background:Titanium and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants have been used in spinal surgery with low rejection rates. Compared to titanium, PEEK has many advantages, including a density more similar to that of bone, radiolucency, and a lack of artifacts in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of PEEK cages as an alternative to titanium for bone fusion after fractures of the thoracolumbar spine. We also propose a classification to the impaction index.Methods:We evaluated 77 patients with fractures of the thoracic or lumbar spine who were treated by anterior fixation with titanium cages (TeCorp®) in 46 (59.7%) patients or PEEK (Verte-stak®) in 31 (40.3%) patients from 2006 to 2012 (Neurological Hospital of Lyon).Results:The titanium group achieved 100% fusion, and the PEEK group achieved 96.3% fusion. The titanium systems correlated with higher impact stress directed toward the lower and upper plateaus of the fused vertebrae; there were no nonunions for those treated with titanium group. Nevertheless, there was only one in the PEEK group. There was no significant difference in the pain scale outcomes for patients with ±10 degrees of the sagittal angle. Statistically, it is not possible to associate the variation of sagittal alignment or the impaction with symptoms of pain. The complication rate related to the implantation of cages was low.Conclusions:Titanium and PEEK are thus equally effective options for the reconstruction of the anterior column. PEEK is advantageous because its radiolucency facilitates the visualization of bone bridges.

Background:Pial arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a rare vascular condition comprising of one or more arterial vessels that are in direct communication with the draining veins. The condition is also characterized by the absence of a nidus. Due to high blood flows, varicose systems adjacent to the fistula appear. The key characteristic of the arteriovenous direct transition is that it offers a treatment option in which interruption of the blood flow can occur without removing the entire lesion. This study presents two cases of PAVF.Case Description:The first case is of a 59-year-old male with lesions in the frontal region, fed by a branch of the right anterior cerebral artery and drained by the frontal basal vein to the sphenoparietal sinus. The second case is of a 3-year-old child with a lesion in the right anterior frontal lobe, fed by a branch of the right middle cerebral artery, which drains into the Trolard vein and was associated with large a venous varix.Conclusion:PAVF is a disease characterized by its rarity, and knowledge of PAVF's clinical presentation is of vital importance in early diagnosis. The treatment of the condition consists of an occlusion of the supply vessel, which can be done by endovascular, microsurgical, or both procedures. Both the cases were successfully treated by microsurgical procedure.

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Background:Bilateral hemifacial spasm (BHFS) is a rare neurological syndrome whose diagnosis depends on excluding other facial dyskinesias. We present a case of BHFS along with a literature review.Methods:A 64-year-old white, hypertense male reported involuntary left hemiface contractions in 2001 (aged 50). In 2007, right hemifacial symptoms appeared, without spasm remission during sleep. Botulinum toxin type A application produced partial temporary improvement. Left microvascular decompression (MVD) was performed in August 2013, followed by right MVD in May 2014, with excellent results. Follow-up in March 2016 showed complete cessation of spasms without medication.Results:The literature confirms nine BHFS cases bilaterally treated by MVD, a definitive surgical option with minimal complications. Regarding HFS pathophysiology, ectopic firing and ephaptic transmissions originate in the root exit zone (REZ) of the facial nerve, due to neurovascular compression (NVC), orthodromically stimulate facial muscles and antidromically stimulate the facial nerve nucleus; this hyperexcitation continuously stimulates the facial muscles. These activated muscles can trigger somatosensory afferent skin nerve impulses and neuromuscular spindles from the trigeminal nerve, which, after transiting the Gasser ganglion and trigeminal nucleus, reach the somatosensory medial posterior ventral nucleus of the contralateral thalamus as well as the somatosensory cortical area of the face. Once activated, this area can stimulate the motor and supplementary motor areas (extrapyramidal and basal ganglia system), activating the motoneurons of the facial nerve nucleus and peripherally stimulating the facial muscles.Conclusions:We believe that bilateral MVD is the best approach in cases of BHFS.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, em peças anatômicas; a relação entre os parafusos bicorticais pela técnica de Harms e Melcher e a artéria carótida interna. MÉTODOS: Nossa amostra consiste em cinco cadáveres. RESULTADOS: Os resultados encontrados foram: a média da menor distância entre o orifício de saída do parafuso e a borda medial da artéria carótida interna direita foi de 11,55 mm (com variação de 10,05 a 14,23 mm), enquanto do lado esquerdo a média foi de 7,50 mm (variando de 2,75 a 12,42 mm). A média da menor distância entre a borda posterior da artéria carótida interna e a cortical anterior da massa lateral de C1 à direita foi de 4,24 mm (variando de 2,08 a 7,48 mm), enquanto do lado esquerdo a média obtida foi de 2,98 mm (com variação de 1,83 a 3,83 mm). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com os estudos similares existentes na literatura que enfatizam a necessidade de uma avaliação imaginológica criteriosa da posição anatômica da artéria carótida interna antes da utilização de parafusos bicorticais na massa lateral de C1 por via posterior.