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Bisphenol S (BPS) is present in multitudinous consumer products and detected in both food and water. It also has been a main substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in the food-packaging industry. Yet, the toxicity of BPS is not fully understood. The present study of the toxicity of BPS was divided into two parts. First, oxidative stress, cell viability, apoptosis level, and catalase (CAT) activity in mouse hepatocytes and renal cells were investigated after BPS exposure. After 12 h of incubation with BPS, all of these parameters of hepatocytes and renal cells changed by >15% as the concentration of BPS ranged from 0.1 to 1 mM. Second, the direct interaction between BPS and CAT on the molecule level was investigated by multiple spectral methods and molecular docking investigations. BPS changed the structure and the activity of CAT through binding to the Gly 117 residue on the substrate channel of the enzyme. The main binding forces were hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force.

Key binding sites influencing lysozyme activity when interacting with CdCl2.

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All three PFASs bind to HSA mainly through electrostatic forces and the toxicity decreases with the shortening of the carbon chain.

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