Solution–processing methods were investigated as viable alternatives to produce the polymer-bonded barium hexaferrite (BaM). BaM powders were first synthesized by using the sol-gel auto-combustion method. While the ignition period in two synthesis batches varied, the morphology of hexagonal microplates and nanorods, as well as magnetic properties, were reproduced. To prepare magnetic polymer composites, these BaM powders were then incorporated into the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) matrix with a weight ratio of 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 by using the solution casting method. Magnetizations were linearly decreased with a reduction in ferrite loading. Compared to the BaM loose powders and pressed pellet, both remanent and saturation magnetizations were lower and gave rise to comparable values of the squareness. The squareness around 0.5 of BaM samples and their composites revealed the isotropic alignment. Interestingly, the coercivity was significantly increased from 1727–1776 Oe in loose BaM powders to 1874–2052 Oe for the BaM-ABS composites. These composites have potential to be implemented in the additive manufacturing of rare-earth-free magnets.

No abstract

Process parameters leading to magnetic polymer composites, an essential ingredient in the additive manufacturing of rare-earth-free magnets, are investigated. The induction melting of manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al), and subsequent annealing at 450, 500, or 550 °C for 20 min, gave rise to ferromagnetic τ–MnAl phase, as well as other phases. The nonmagnetic Al4C3 and oxide phases were then removed by the magnetic separation. Magnetic powders from the magnetic separation were incorporated in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix via a solution route. The remanent magnetization as high as 4.3 emu/g in the powder form was reduced to 2.3–2.6 emu/g in the composites. The reduction in coercivity was minimal, and the largest value of 814 Oe was obtained when the powder annealed at 450 °C was loaded in the composite. The phase composition and hence magnetic properties were even more sensitive to the carbon (C) doping. Interestingly, the addition of 3% C led to coercivity as high as 1445 Oe in MnAl–C powders without further annealing. The enhanced coercivity was attributed to the domain wall pinning by the AlMn3C phase, and magnetizations are likely increased by this phase.

No abstract

Ceramic–polymer paste-injection molding is demonstrated as a facile fabrication route for barium hexaferrite magnets. Interestingly, these low-density (1.90–2.35 g/cm3) magnets exhibit substantial coercivity of 3868–4002 Oe. When ceramic paste without polymeric additives is used, reduced coercivity and slightly increased magnetizations are obtained from a magnet with the density of 2.55 g/cm3. Their magnetizations are also higher than those obtained from compactions of sol–gel-derived powders. For compact magnets (3.46–3.77 g/cm3), the DI water addition results in a slightly higher magnetization but lower coercivity than dry-pressed magnets. Compactions into disk and bar magnets give rise to comparable magnetic properties. The morphological characterizations reveal smaller barium hexaferrite particles leading to larger coercivity, and the density and shape of magnets have a less pronounced effect.

No abstract

Permanent magnets of varying shapes and sizes are increasingly produced. For hexaferrite magnets, it is challenging to incorporate polymers and a soft magnetic phase in the form of paste before injection molding or extrusion free-forming. In this study, hard magnetic barium hexaferrite/soft magnetic iron composites with a density of 2.28–2.34 g/cm3 are obtained after paste-injection molding and subsequent sintering at 1150 °C for 5 h. Variations of the binder (143.5–287.0 mg poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA) and the plasticizer (75–150 mg poly(ethylene glycol), PEG-400) in the ceramic–polymer paste give rise to comparable remanent magnetization (33.10–33.63 emu/g) and coercivity (3854–3857 Oe). Unlike all-ferrite systems, the presence of a soft magnetic metal phase is not detrimental to the coercivity. However, the remanent and saturation magnetizations are not substantially increased. The addition of 1% and 5% of iron oxide in the ceramic–polymer paste gives rise to hard/soft composites with lower densities of 2.11 and 2.14 g/cm3. The coercivity is increased to 3942–3945 Oe; however, the maximum energy product is reduced.