Mesotrione is one of the triketone herbicides that are widely used in corn fields to control broadleaf and some grass weeds because of its high herbicidal activity and crop safety. However, mesotrione is unstable during the progress of storage and application and can easily enter the groundwater to cause environmental pollution due to its high leakage in soil. In this study, 22 new salts based on mesotrione, most of which were defined as herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs), were synthesized by pairing with different structural cations to optimize the physicochemical properties for solving these problems of mesotrione. The results showed that the water solubilities of HILs were no longer limited by pH and could be decreased by selecting suitable paired cations. Also, HILs exhibited a higher thermal stability, lower surface tension, higher octanol−water partition coefficient, and better soil adsorption capacity and herbicidal activity than mesotrione. HIL-22 paired with cetylpyridinium could meet the requirements such as efficacy control, thermal stability, and reduction of environmental risk based on the physicochemical properties and biological activities. This study showed the novel HILs could make contributions to solve the problems existing in the practical applications and reduce the negative impact of herbicides on the environment.
RationaleOriental Beauty, a type of oolong tea native to Taiwan, is highly prized by connoisseurs for its unique fruity aroma and sweet taste. Leaves of Oriental Beauty vary in appearance, aroma, and taste, depending on the degree of tea green leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana) infestation. In this study, the aim is to investigate the differential expression of proteins in leaves with low, medium, and high degrees of leafhopper infestation.MethodsProteomic techniques 2DE (two‐dimensional electrophoresis) and nanoscale liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) were used to investigate the differential expression of proteins in tea leaves with different degrees of leafhopper infestation.ResultsA total of 89 proteins were found to exhibit significant differences in expression. In a gene ontology analysis, most of these proteins participated in biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, transport, responses to stress, and amino acid metabolism.ConclusionsThese results indicated that the unique aroma and taste of the leaves might be influenced by their protein expression profiles, as well as related factors such as defensive responses to tea green leafhopper saliva.
A cryptic prokaryotic promoter, designated AV3 promoter, has been previously identified in certain begomovirus genus, including ageratum yellow vein virus isolate NT (AYVV-NT). In this study, we demonstrated that the core nucleotides in the putative −10 and −35 boxes are necessary but not sufficient for promoter activity in Escherichia coli, and showed that AYVV-NT AV3 promoter could specifically interact with single-stranded DNA-binding protein and sigma 70 of E. coli involved in transcription. Several AYVV-NT-encoded proteins were found to increase the activity of AV3 promoter. The transcription start sites downstream to AV3 promoter were mapped to nucleotide positions 803 or 805 in E. coli, and 856 in Nicotiana benthamiana. The eukaryotic activity of AV3 promoter and the translatability of a short downstream open reading frame were further confirmed by using a green fluorescent protein reporter construct in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. These results suggested that AV3 promoter might be a remnant of evolution that retained cryptic activity at present.
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