Vanilla is the most well-known and economically important genus of Orchidaceae in the world. Vanilla bahiana is restricted to Brazil and its conservation status was recently assessed as ‘Endangered’. The species is phylogenetically closely related to V. planifolia, whose pods are the main natural source of vanillin. The primary desirable traits for vanilla production are high fruit set and great resistance to abiotic stress. High temperatures (> 32ºC) and heavy rain favor fungal infection, and thus are indirectly responsible for fruit drop by V. planifolia in cultivation. The aim of the present study was to follow the process of pod ripening of V. bahiana in a restinga fragment in an Environmental Protection Area of Bahia State, and to highlight implications for vanilla crop improvement. Fieldwork was carried out from April 2016 to January 2017. A total of nine manual self-pollinations and nine manual cross-pollinations were successfully carried out. Fruit length, diameter and girth were recorded every two weeks. Fruit permanence in the infrutescence was measured as consecutive days from pollination. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Pearson correlation analysis performed among all attributes per pollination method. The influence of temperature and rainfall was also analyzed. Pod measurements and fruit permanence in the infrutescence were higher for cross-pollination than self-pollination. Higher rainfall results in fruit drop. The use of V. bahiana in breeding efforts for the genus is here strongly suggested and supported by previously published studies that allowed us to highlight several desirable traits: vanillin production, its wide geographical distribution and occurrence in a variety of habitats; substantial populations; resistance to conditions of drought and high luminosity and temperature; extensive blooming period; high number of flowers per raceme; possible synchronised flowering with V. planifolia, and fruiting throughout the year. These prospects are promising and should be further evaluated, not only for V. bahiana but for other vanilla crop wild relatives. Studies of pollination ecology can be used to set guidelines for the conservation of the V. planifolia group and to encourage the development of strategies to increase the production of fruit and, consequently, vanillin for its culinary uses and medical applications.

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.-Meliaceae) is considered an Amazonian forest species with great potential for multiple use in natural forests. Because it is a native species of the Amazon rainforest, it has great socioeconomic importance for the extractive population due to the oil extracted from its seeds. The speed of emergence is an important factor in the establishment of seedlings, since the longer the seeds remain inside the soil, the seeds are in the soil, the greater the chances that the seeds will be attacked by fungi and soil insects. The objective of this work was to determinate the speed of andiroba emergence (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) seedlings and the development. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse belonging to Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA)-Capitão Poço, Brazil. Fruits of C. guianensis were collected in floodplain areas in northeastern of Pará. The treatments were arranged according to the seed mass. Were calculated 5 variables after sowing (emergence speed index; height; interference of the mass of andiroba seeds at the height of the seedlings stem; interference of the mass of andiroba seeds in the number of leaves; interference of the mass of andiroba seeds in the number of leaflets). The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 4 treatments with 5 replicates with 5 seeds per replicate (5 seeds per vessel), totaling 25 seeds per treatment. The data were statistically analyzed using the Tukey test at 5% probability with the software Assistat 7.6. The seed mass classes did not influence ESI (Emergence Speed Index). The seed mass promoted significant effects on 4 variables. The mass of the seeds of andiroba does not influence the ESI of seedlings for it own production. The heavy and very heavy seeds generated more developed plants.

RESUMO: A laranja (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) é uma das principais culturas de interesse para o Brasil, pois este detém grande parte da produção mundial, a região Norte tem como maior produtor o estado do Pará que é responsável por 2% da produção nacional e o principal município responsável por essa produção é Capitão Poço. Com base nisto o estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de diferentes setores ligados a produção de laranja fazendo um comparativo com a produção nacional através da análise shift-share para avaliar o desenvolvimento nos anos de 1990-2014 e em seguida foi aplicado o modelo matemático derivada com o objetivo de analisar números não comparativos com o objetivo de embasar a análise. Após todo o processo podemos inferir a instabilidade na produção de laranja e que o baixo nível tecnológico influencia diretamente na produção, pois faz com que se ocupe mais áreas e não aumenta a produção. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Citrus sinensis, economia, produção. ORANGE PRODUCTION STUDY: DETECTION OF REGIONAL FEATURES WITH SHIFT -SHARE OF MODELS AND DERIVATIVE IN NORTHERN REGIONABSTRACT: The Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is one of the main crops of interest for Brazil, since this one holds great part of the world production, the North region has as largest producer the state of Pará that is responsible for 2% of the national production and the main municipality responsible for this production is Capitão Poço. Based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the development of different sectors linked to orange production, comparing it with the national production through the shift-share analysis to evaluate the development in the years of 1990-2014 and then applied the mathematical model derived with the objective of analyzing non-comparative numbers in order to base the analysis. After all the process we can infer the instability in the production of orange and

The objective of this work was to characterize the socioeconomic profile of cassava flour producers, in Vila de Igarapé-Açu, Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil. The research involved qualiquantitative methods. To this end, 45 semi-structured questionnaires were applied to all producers of manioc flour in the Vila. The questions were asked in order to obtain information about the producers' socioeconomic profile, such as: place of birth, age, education level and sources of income. The majority of respondents, about 69%, are from the village and only 31% are from other nearby locations, mainly from the municipality of Ourém, to which the village had belonged a few years ago. Regarding the age of the interviewed producers, there was a variation between 18 and 86 years, which provides a range of 68 years. The level of education among producers is considered low, since the majority, corresponding to 73%, has not completed elementary school. About 64% earn their income entirely through the production of manioc flour. The community has the majority of Vila's natural flour producers, with a predominant age group between 41 and 50 years old. In addition, cassava flour production is the main source of income for most of the majority of respondents. Highlighted Conclusions1. Most producers are from the community itself. 2. The age range of producers is 68 years old. 3. The level of education is low. 4. Flour production is the main source of income for family farmers.

ResumoA soja é uma cultura agrícola que desempenha grande papel social e econômico para o Brasil, devido sua cadeia produtiva, desde a semeadura até a comercialização, contribuir para geração de vários postos de trabalho, renda e também divisas, estas pela exportação do produto para o mercado internacional. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução espaço-temporal da área plantada e produção de soja da microrregião de Paragominas, Sudeste Paraense, no período de 2002 a 2017. Os dados foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) que, através da plataforma Sistema IBGE de recuperação Automática (SIDRA), disponibiliza dados da produção agrícola. Os gráficos de evolução temporal e evolução espaço-temporal foram gerados utilizando o programa Excel 2010 e QGIS (Quantum GIS, versão 3.8), respectivamente. Atualmente, a região Oeste do Brasil, onde predomina o bioma Cerrado, é a principal produtora de soja do país. Contudo, o cultivo de soja vem se deslocando cada vez mais sobre outras regiões, a exemplo do bioma Amazônia, no qual está inserido a microrregião de Paragominas. Vários fatores contribuem para a expansão da soja na Amazônia e estão intimamente relacionados a aspectos de solo, clima, logística e política. Em 2017, a área plantada com soja na microrregião de Paragominas foi de 302.740 ha, o que representa aumento de 16.089,3 % em relação a 2002, quando foram plantados 1.870 ha, enquanto que para o mesmo período, a produção cresceu cerca de 56.817,1 %, saltou de 5.456 t para 1.064.349 t. Destaca-se o município de Paragominas, único que apresentou, na safra agrícola de 2017, área plantada e produção superior a 100.000 ha e 400.000 t, respectivamente. A expansão vertiginosa da soja na microrregião de Paragominas se deve, principalmente, a sua localização estratégica; incentivo governamental; condições de solo e clima ideais ao cultivo da cultura; desenvolvimento de cultivares para a região; e, disponibilidade de terras mais baratas.Palavras-Chave: Fabaceae, geografia, geoprocessamento, economia regional. ResumenLa soja es un cultivo agrícola que desempeña un importante papel social y económico para Brasil, debido a su cadena de producción, desde la siembra hasta la comercialización, contribuyendo a la generación de diversos empleos, ingresos y también divisas, exportando el producto al mercado internacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la evolución espacio-temporal del área plantada y de la producción de soja de la microrregión de Paragominas, Sureste do Pará, de 2002 a 2017. Los datos se obtuvieron del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) que, a través de la plataforma del Sistema de Recuperación Automática IBGE (SRAI), proporciona datos sobre la producción agrícola. Se generaron los gráficos de evolución de tiempo y evolución de espacio-tiempo usando lo programa Excel 2010 y QGIS (Quantum GIS, versión 3.8), respectivamente. Actualmente, la región occidental de Brasil, donde predomina el bioma Cerrado, es la principal productora de soja en el país. ...

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In the northeastern of Pará, cowpea is one of the main protein sources of the population. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of liming, the P and K mineral fertilization, and the combination of seed inoculation with Rhizobium associated with mineral N supplementation in the growth and production of cowpea cultivars. Two experiments were carried out in two consecutive years at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (Capitão Poço-PA). A randomized block experimental design with subdivided plots was used with four replications, two cowpea cultivars (BRS Tapaihum and BRS Marataoã) and six fertilization and liming treatments: i) without fertilization and without liming; ii) P and K mineral fertilization, liming and seed inoculation with Rhizobium; iii) P and K mineral fertilization and seed inoculation with Rhizobium; iv) N, P and K mineral fertilization and liming; v) P and K mineral fertilization and liming; and vi) N, P and K mineral fertilization, liming and seed inoculation with Rhizobium. Cowpea responded to liming and P and K mineral fertilization, but not N fertilization. There was no difference between the supply of N through seed inoculation or mineral fertilization. Thus, it is suggested to inoculate seeds with Rhizobium in order to maintain the soil N reserve.