Purpose:
Planes of reference for orbital fractures (PROF) was developed to standardize measurements made on orbital computed tomography scans. This study describes the use of PROF in determining the location along the orbital floor where the posterior ledge (PL) most commonly occurs. The transverse inclination and anterior-posterior inclination of the orbital floor will also be measured.
Methods:
This study evaluates 104 patients with unilateral orbital fracture. Fifty-two patients had intact infra-orbital margin (IM) and 52 had fractured IM. Facial computed tomography scans were analyzed using Osirix Lite Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Viewer version 7.0.1 (Geneva, Switzerland). All skull positions were standardized by orientation according to Frankfurt and mid-sagittal planes. Measurements of distance of PL from IM were determined in the sagittal view. Measurements of the inclination of the orbital floor in the transverse and anterior-posterior sections were done on the coronal and sagittal views respectively.
Results:
For patients with intact and fractured IM, the mean distances of PL from IM were 22.1 mm (95% CI: 21.2–23.0) and 21.1 mm (95% CI: 20.2–21.9) respectively. Mean transverse inclination was 19.4° (95% CI: 18.3–20.5). Mean anterior-posterior inclination was 15.5° (95% CI: 14.5–16.5).
Conclusion:
Planes of reference for orbital fractures is a simple and effective method to acquire standardized measurements of the orbital cavity on computed tomography scans. Understanding the commonest location of PL and the orientation of the orbital floor in 3-dimensional space allows surgeons to perform dissection with greater precision.
Background: There is a general understanding that condylar trauma results in both hard and soft tissue injuries. Plain films and computed tomography (CT) are standard for radiographic evaluation of facial bone fractures. The bony elements have historically been the focus of the diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect both bone and soft tissue pathology. We have used perioperative arthroscopic evaluation of upper joint compartment during open surgery in cases with condylar head fracture. Methods: Arthroscopy of upper compartment was performed in 24 patients with dislocated condylar head fractures. We have evaluated disc position, disc perforation, cartilage damage, haemorrhagic clots, hypervascularity and synovitis. Patients were divided to two groups, depending on the period from trauma, less than five days and more than five days. Results: In majority of the cases the disc was dislocated anteromedially following fragment dislocation. We have had no case with disc perforation or disc rupture. Hyperemia, haemorrhagic clots and cartilage erosions were the most frequent changes. Conclusions: Information from this study is useful in furthering the understanding of intraarticular damage occurring in acute trauma. Presence of haematoma after acute joint trauma and its evacuation and early movement may prevent later pathology.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.