We have synthesized a highly efficient organic dye for a dye-sensitized solar cell; the overall solar-to-energy conversion efficiency was 9.1% at AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm(-2)): short-circuit current density (J(sc)) = 18.1 mA cm(-2), open circuit photovoltage (V(oc)) = 743 mV and fill factor (ff) = 0.675.

We derive short UIR's of the OSp(8/4, R) superalgebra of 3d N = 8 superconformal field theories by the requirement that the highest weight states are annihilated by a subset of the super-Poincaré odd generators. We then find a superfield realization of these BPS saturated UIR's as "composite operators" of the two basic ultrashort "supersingleton" multiplets. These representations are the AdS 4 analogue of BPS states preserving different fractions of supersymmetry and are therefore suitable to classify perturbative and non-perturbative excitations of M-theory compactifications.

PbZr,Ti,~,O,(PZT) thick films were prepared on PtiTilSiOJSi substrate with over lum-thickness by means of using chemical solution deposition(CSD). Two different sol-gel solutions were prepared with high viscosity, The conventjonal solution used just added propylene glycol and, the modified solution was derived from propyiene glycol. We evaluated various properties of thick films prepared based on both solutions, including microstructure, crystal orientation and electric properties. The films derived from modified solution showed preferred (100) orientation which could be a consequence of the precursor difference of PZT solution. Under 550 C, PZT (100) orientation could be obtained from X-ray diffraction patterns. We could compared the results-Various properties of PZT films derived by 13-propanediol system just used as a solvent-with other papers' method. Most of all, with the modified solution, we could decreased the thickness of thermally oxidized silicon layer and the solution was a stable stock sol-gel solution

Microwave-assisted solid-state reactions (MSSR) are investigated for their ability to synthesize nanocrystalline BaTiO 3 powders at low temperatures. Ba(OH) 2 •H 2 O and TiO 2 •xH 2 O are, respectively, initial precursors for Ba and Ti. In this study, these precursors were mixed according to their chemical stoichiometry and heated in a temperature range of 100-1000 °C by MSSR. Nanocrystalline BaTiO 3 powders having an average size of 26 nm were produced by MSSR, even at 100 °C. The crystallization-related activation energy for the formation of BaTiO 3 with the precursors by MSSR was ~ 9.6 kJ/mol, which is less than 1/10 of the value (120 kJ/mol) when the conventional solid-state reaction was applied. The nanostructural and physical features of the MSSR-based powders are compared with those prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction.

We report the synthesis of SrTiO3, BaTiO3 and BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) nanoparticles (NPs) in various compositions (x = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) by an inorganic sol-gel method under a basic condition. Highly crystalline nanoparticles were formed at the reaction temperature of 25 -100 o C from a stabilized titanium alkoxide in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and barium or strontium acetate in aqueous solution. Morphology and particle structure of the synthesized BST NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BST nanoparticles in various compositions were monodispersed without mutual aggregation, and their average sizes were in the range of 70 -80 nm. Furthermore, they showed highly crystallized perovskite phase over the whole composition range from SrTiO3 to BaTiO3. We also proposed a mechanism for the low-temperature formation of BST NPs.