Despite centuries of research, much about the barbarian migrations that took place between the fourth and sixth centuries in Europe remains hotly debated. To better understand this key era that marks the dawn of modern European societies, we obtained ancient genomic DNA from 63 samples from two cemeteries (from Hungary and Northern Italy) that have been previously associated with the Longobards, a barbarian people that ruled large parts of Italy for over 200 years after invading from Pannonia in 568 CE. Our dense cemetery-based sampling revealed that each cemetery was primarily organized around one large pedigree, suggesting that biological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies. Moreover, we identified genetic structure in each cemetery involving at least two groups with different ancestry that were very distinct in terms of their funerary customs. Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy.

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Despite centuries of research, much about the barbarian migrations that took place between the fourth and sixth centuries in Europe remains hotly debated. To better understand this key era that marks the dawn of modern European societies, we obtained ancient genomic DNA from 63 samples from two cemeteries (from Hungary and Northern Italy) that have been previously associated with the Longobards , a barbarian people that ruled large parts of Italy for over 200 years after invading from Pannonia in 568 CE. Our dense cemetery-based sampling revealed that each cemetery was primarily organized around one large pedigree, suggesting that biological relationships played an important role in these early Medieval societies. Moreover, we identified genetic structure in each cemetery involving at least two groups with different ancestry that were very distinct in terms of their funerary customs.Finally, our data was consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy.

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RésuméLe haut Moyen Âge représente un champ tout à fait approprié à la recherche des processus très complexes de formation d’identités ethniques. L’ethnicité comme ressource politique, un phénomène caractéristique de l’Occident, n’est pas un héritage des peuples dits barbares, mais le résultat des efforts pour rendre signifiante une réalité transformée par le développement de leurs royaumes et par la christianisation de lares publicaromaine. Les relations des intellectuels romains et chrétiens avec les nouveaux pouvoirs a permis de « faire la différence» entre les peuples ; les textes qui nous ont été transmis peuvent être lus comme autant de traces des « stratégies de distinction» basées sur des modèles ethniques, bibliques et parfois aussi Barbares. Ce discours ethnique n’a certes pas créé des identités sans ambiguïté, mais il a motivé des actions politiques, pénétré la langue du pouvoir et modelé les perceptions nationales de l’Occident moderne.

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