No abstract
The article contains sections titled: 1. Terminology 2. Filtration Models 2.1. Calculation of the Pressure Drop over the Filter Medium and/or the Filter Cake 2.1.1. Definition of Filter Resistance and Cake Permeability: The Darcy Equation 2.1.2. The Equation of Kozeny and Carman 2.2. Cake Filtration 2.2.1. The “Cake Filter Equation” 2.2.2. Evaluation of Experiments with Linear Diagrams 2.2.2.1. Linear Diagram in the Differential Form 2.2.2.2. Linear Diagram in Integrated Form 2.2.2.3. Example 2.2.2.4. Deviations from Linearity 2.2.3. Compressible Cake Filtration 2.3. Blocking Filtration and other Modes of Filtration 2.3.1. Complete Blocking Filtration 2.3.2. Intermediate and Standard Blocking Filtration 2.3.3. Simplified Evaluation of Experimental Data 2.4. Depth Filtration 2.4.1. Depth Filtration Mechanisms 2.4.2. Cleaning and Sizing of Deep Bed Filters 2.5. Cross‐Flow Filtration 3. Washing of Filter Cakes 3.1. Basic Effects, Mass Balances 3.2. Example of Experimental Results 3.3. Test Procedures and Pitfalls 3.4. “Intermediate” Deliquoring before Cake Washing 4. Deliquoring of Filter Cakes 4.1. Deliquoring by Gas Pressure 4.1.1. Equilibrium Saturation of Filter Cakes 4.1.2. Kinetics of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure 4.1.3. Approximate Solution for Coarse, Incompressible Cakes 4.1.4. Practical Scale‐Up of Deliquoring by Gas Pressure 4.1.5. Shrinking and Cracks in Filter Cakes 4.2. Deliquoring by Expression 5. Optimal Filtration Cycle Time 6. Interparticle Forces and Forces Between Particles and Filtermedia, DLVO Theory 7. Mathematical Simulation of Filtration and Cake Formation 8. Handling of “Unfilterable” Suspension 8.1. Optimization of Upstream Steps (Crystallization, Precipitation) 8.2. Application of Flocculants (Polyelectrolytes) 8.3. Adaptation of pH 8.4. Checking of Alternatives to Cake Filtration 8.5. Use of a Filter Aid
The article contains sections titled: 1. Classification of Filtration Equipment 2. Laboratory Test‐Filters for Cake Filtration 3. Nutsche (Pan) Filters 4. Filter Presses 4.1. Plate‐and‐Frame and Recessed‐Plate Filter Presses 4.1.1. Filtration Cycle 4.1.2. Applications 4.2. Membrane Filter Presses 4.3. Plate Presses with Belt Discharge (Automatic Filter Presses) 4.4. Filter Presses with Stationary and Rotating Plates 4.5. Sheet Filter Presses 4.6. Tube Presses 5. Bag Filters 6. Candle Filters 6.1. Cartridge Designs 6.2. Design and Selection of Candle Filters 7. Leaf and Plate Filters 7.1. Design of Leaf and Plate Filters 7.2. Flowable and Nonflowable Filter Cakes 7.3. Applications 8. Belt Filters 9. Disk Filters 10. Drum Filters 10.1. Gravity Drum Filters (Revolving Screens) 10.2. Vaccum Drum Filters 10.2.1. Sizing of Vacuum Drum Filters 10.2.2. Multi‐Compartment Drum Filters 10.2.3. Cake Discharge Devices 10.2.4. Accessories 10.2.5. Inner‐Face Vaccum Drum Filters 10.3. Pressure Drum Filters 11. Dynamic Filters 11.1. Cross‐Flow Filters with Membrane Modules 11.2. Axial and Radial Shear Gap Filter 12. Deep‐Bed Filters 13. Special Filter Types 14. Filter Selection 15. Filter Media 15.1. Perforated Plates, Screens, Slotted Screens 15.2. Fabrics 15.3. Nonwovens, Papers, and Felts 15.4. Packed Beds and Precoat Layers 15.5. Rigid Porous Materials 15.6. Membranes 16. Filter Aids
Formation of solids by crystallization and precipitation. Formation of solids from solutions can take place by crystallization or precipitation. The principal factor is the relationship between solubility and supersaturation. In crystallization, the solubility of the crystallising substance is so high that the formation of solids occurs largely in the metastable zone in the immediate vicinity of the solubility limits. Crystal growth and nucleation are functions of supersaturation. If a high supersaturation is required at low substance-specific growth rates for an adequate crystal growth, high nucleation rates and hence small crystals will result. On this basis, the authors present information for the specific design of crystallization processes. In contrast, the solubility of the precipitated product must be very low for precipitation. Direct crystal formation is possible only for substance systems of high solubility. As a rule, however, the precipitated substance is so insoluble that solids are formed via amorphous intermediates. The results of a large number of experiments show the influence of various parameters of the precipitation process on the filtrability of the precipitated product.
Die PartikelgroBe gefallter Feststoffe ist eine wichtige AuslegungsgroRe fur nachfolgende Verfahrensschritte. Sie kann bislang nicht berechnet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuer Ansatz fur das Verstandnis der Partikelbildung vorgestellt. Der Feststoff entsteht im Innern der mikroskopischen ,,Kolmogorov-Wirbel", wo die molekulare Vermischung stattfindet. Lockere Aggregate werden dabei fest verkittet, wobei die maximale GroSe der entstehenden festen Aggregate durch die Wirbelabmessung begrenzt ist. Die Aggregation im Wirbel und die resultierenden PartikelgroBen werden berechnet, wobei ein konstanter Anpassungsparameter in die Rechnung eingeht. Die Ergebnisse stim-men mit gemessenen KorngroSenverteilungen gut uberein. Zur weiteren Verfeinerung des Modells mu13 man vor allem die lokale Hydrodynamik (,,Mesomischen") genauer beschreiben.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.