The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to N dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. Biochar (5 t ha−1) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended N application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. Selected soil chemical properties, rice plants growth variables, nutrient use efficiency, and yield were determined using standard procedures. Coapplication of biochar with 100% and 75% urea recommendation rates significantly increased nutrients availability (especially P and K) and their use efficiency in both pot and field trials. These treatments also significantly increased rice growth variables and grain yield. Coapplication of biochar and urea application at 75% of the recommended rate can be used to improve soil chemical properties and productivity and reduce urea use by 25%.
Problem statement:The aim of this research was to study the effect of Sr substitution on structure and thermal diffusivity of Ba l-x Sr x TiO 3 ceramic at room temperature. Approach: Structural and thermal diffusivity of Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 were studied by performing X-ray diffraction and photoflash measurements. The effects of Sr substitution on the structure and on the thermal diffusivity of Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 (0≤x≤1) were investigated. showed a significant effect of structure on thermo-physical property of materials.
Unbalanced utilization of nitrogen (N) rice not economically viable neither is this practice environmental friendly. Co-application of biochar and urea could reduce the unbalanced use of this N fertilizer in rice cultivation. Thus, a field study was carried out to: (i) determine the effects of chicken litter biochar and urea fertilization on N concentration in soil solution of a cultivated rice (MR219) using dielectric measurement at a low frequency and (ii) correlate soil dielectric conductivity with rice grain yield at maturity. Dielectric response of the soil samples at 20, 40, 55, and 75 days after transplanting were determined using an inductance–capacitance–resistance meter HIOKI 3522-50 LCR HiTESTER. Selected soil chemical properties and yield were determined using standard procedures. The dielectric conductivity and permittivity of the soil samples measured before transplanting the rice seedlings were higher than those for the soil samples after transplanting. This was due to the inherent nitrogen of the chicken litter biochar and the low nitrogen uptake at the transplanting stage. The soil N response increased with increasing measurement frequency and N concentration. The permittivity of the soil samples was inversely proportional to frequency but directly proportional to N concentration in the soil solution. The estimated contents of N in the soil using the dielectric conductivity approach at 1000 Hz decreased with increasing days of fertilization and the results were similar to those of soil NH4+ determined using chemical analysis. The conductivity measured within 1000 Hz and 100,000 Hz correlated positively with the rice grain yield suggesting that nitrogen concentration of the soil can be used to estimate grain yield of the cultivated rice plants.
In production agriculture, granular urea is the most used nitrogen fertilizer in crop production. However, increase in soil pH following application of urea causes ammonia volatilization and reduces N use efficiency. To minimize ammonia loss, organic amendments are used, however, type of organic amendment use could affect urea use efficiency. This study was to determine the effects of organic amendments derived from forest litter, Leucaena leucocephala, chicken litter, and cow dung on ammonia volatilization and chemical properties of a waterlogged acid soil. Treatments evaluated were: (i) T1, Soil only, (ii) T2, Existing recommended fertilization, (iii) T3, Biochar-forest litter compost, (iv) T4, Biochar-chicken litter compost, (v) T5, Biochar-cow dung compost, (vi) T6, Biochar-Leucaena compost, and (vii) T7, Biochar-Leucaena - chicken litter compost. Standard procedures were used to quantify ammonia volatilization and soil chemical properties. The findings of this present study also revealed that the total amount of ammonia loss from urea over a period of forty-two days depends on the influence of the organic amendments on urea hydrolysis. Emissions of ammonia from T6 and T7 were significantly higher because, the decomposition of Leucaena leucocephala favours urea hydrolysis compared with those of T3, T4, and T5. Therefore, Leucaena leucocephala composts should be carefully co-applied with urea to minimize ammonia loss if the aim of using this type of amendments is to improve N use efficiency and soil and crop productivity.
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