The widespread applications of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) and scarce network resources have lead to the development of many protocols in this field. The need of time is to find a protocol which makes efficient use of resources and improves the overall performance of network. This paper focuses on enhancing the performance of Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol by choosing Route Fragility Coefficient (RFC) as its metric. This metric causes AODV to find a stable route. The stable route is characterized as the one which has less dynamism and in which nodes stay close to each other. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate improvement in throughput and reduction in routing protocol overhead with increased mobility. The performance metrics are measured by varying the maximum speed of the nodes and size of the network.
The main aspect of this work is to study the differences and define the behaviour of two different routing protocols. The first side is Dynamic MANETs On- Demand (DYMO) while the other side is proactive, optimal link-state routing (OLSR) and both the first and second are interactive routing protocols in the Ad-hoc network (VANET). The efficiency of these protocols was analysed and studied based on the use of three performance indicators: PDR, normal load (NRO) and end-to-end de1ay (E2ED) on the ability to change the size of different nodes. Omnet ++ was used by the INET Framework. We also used the SUMO simulation tool to build random movement patterns for VANET. From full simulation, we noticed that OLSR is doing better than DYMO for VANET at a price. Late and, as a result, the development of OLSR work in VANETs compared to DYMO, packet receipt ratios (PDR), side-to-side delay, normal path load, and VANETs.
In the Identifier Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) networks, the existing mobility control schemes based on the centralized entity, called the Dynamic Domain Name Service (DDNS) server, such that all the control traffic is processed at the DDNS server. However, the centralized mobility schemes have significant limitations, such as control traffic overhead at the server and large handover delay. In order to resolve these issues, we propose a new mobility control scheme for ILNP networks, which manages the identifier-locators (ID-LOCs) in the fully distributed manner. In our scheme, each domain has a dedicated mobile DDNS (m-DDNS) server at the site border router (SBR). The m-DDNS server maintains two databases; i.e., home host register (HHR) and visiting host register (VHR), to support the roaming of mobile hosts. When a mobile host roams into a domain, the m-DDNS server in the visiting domain registers the host’s ID-LOC in the VHR and requests the update of HHR to the m-DDNS server in the home domain. Since the m-DDNS servers communicate each other directly, the ID-LOC mappings are managed without involvement of any central entities. We analyzed our proposed mobility scheme via numerical analysis and compared its performance with those of existing schemes. Numerical results showed that our scheme outperforms the existing mobility control schemes substantially in terms of control traffic overhead at the servers, total transmission delay and handover delay.
The routing protocol is considered the backbone of network communication. However, mobility and bandwidth availability make optimizing broadcast message flooding a problem in an Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)-based mobile wireless network. The selection of Multi-Point Relays (MPRs) has lately been proposed as a potential approach that has the added benefit of eliminating duplicate re-transmissions in VANET networks. Wingsuit Flying Search (WFS) is one of the swarm intelligent metaheuristic algorithms, it enables one to find the minimum number of MPR. In this study, a novel methodology based on (WFS) is called WS-OLSR (Wingsuit Search-OLSR). The (WS-OLSR) is investigated to enhance the existing MPR-based solution, arguing that considering a cost function as a further decision measure will effectively compute minimum MPR nodes that give the maximum coverage area possible. The enhanced MPR selection powered by (WFS) algorithm leads to decreasing MPR count required to cover 95% of mobile nodes, increasing throughput , and decreasing topology control which mitigates broadcasting storm phenomenon in VANETs.
144 urine samples were collected from persons suspected of urinary tract infections, their ages ranged from 7 to 60 years. Some pathogens of urinary tract infections were investigated, diagnosed, and antibiotic sensitivity tested. The percentage of patients with diabetes and pregnant women was also investigated, in addition to comparing patients between age and gender. The results showed the results of isolation and diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus showed 15.27% of the number of (22) samples and were divided into age groups. The present study evaluated the ability of biofilm formation and the presence of (icaA) and (icaD) genes among strains of staphylococci isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. The presence of (icaA) and (icaD) gene was also determined by PCR technique the Biofilm development is common among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from urinary tract infections .The sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was tested to 10 antibiotics, and the highest sensitivity was to an antibiotic Methicillin 91%, and 86.3% towards Amoxicillin. It also gave an 81%percentage to an antibiotic Levofloxacin and Gentamicin. It is also being less sensitive to an antibiotic Ethromycin. The bacteria showed moderate sensitivity to an antibiotic Rifampicin 86.36% and to an antibiotic vancomycin 81.81% and it was less moderate sensitivity to an antibiotic Methicillin and Ethromycin 4.54%. The bacteria showed a high resistance to an antibiotic Ethromycin 90.90% and also to an antibiotic Tetracycline 81.81%, While there was no resistance to an antibiotic Rifampicin 0.0%. Through the study of the statistical analysis, it was shown that there are significant differences, that is, that there are differences in the effect of antibiotics on bacteria, and it was the best four antibiotics and had an effect on the sensitivity of bacteria it is Methicillin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin.
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