Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a pillar of the envisioned Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and a subset of Mobile Ad Hoc Network that grants the communication in between the vehicles alongside with the absence of established communication infrastructure. Exposure to vulnerabilities of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has been shown to be related to its nature of the environmental. For this reason, VANET security becomes a critical challenge that need to be resolved. In this paper, we assess the VANET security issues and discuss the challenges in VANET. Equally important, we comparatively review the security requirements, the type of attacks and capabilities of attackers present in VANET.
The residence of Pulau Pinang and Malaysia generally are worried with the possible health effects due to Base Tower Station (BTS) radiation. Particularly, the residents of Pulau Pinang are utilizing their mobile phones for multiple kind of tasks including communications, browsing the internet and other applications. With the recent advances in mobile communication technologies, the end user demanded a better coverage, great communication services, and faster speed for internet browsing. To fulfill the demand, service provider and communication companies are providing plenty of communication base tower leading to the beliefs of that the tower emitted radiation and cause harmful effect to human health and voiced out and complain to the municipal councils in Malaysia. In this paper, a measurement was conducted to study electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation level in Pulau Pinang. The measurement is compared with the international standard provided by International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Far field measurement of different values of long term evolution (LTE) exposure was demonstrated in radiofrequency (RF) shielded environment. LTE850, LTE1800 and LTE2600 field exposure was compared in term of its’ electrical field and power density that adhere to the standard provided by ICNIRP.
Device power consumption is a serious design consideration especially for embedded systems. By reducing the power consumption of a particular system, we could effectively prolong the runtime of the system, allowing for longer operational condition of a particular system. Previous studies have suggested that the power characteristics of a modern embedded processor have since been improved with manufacturer's implementation of better energy-focused designs. Implementation of hardware optimization such as better clock and power gating have been shown to produce better energy usage during on-load and off-load processing.In this paper we benchmarked the energy use of a modern embedded processor and study the effects of idling time to the processor and system energy usage. We have found that the processor energy use is significantly reduced in the instant that the processor goes idle during the execution process. The idling time during a processing timeslice allows the processor to use significantly less energy without explicitly depending on a frequency scaling algorithm to reduce energy consumption. This power saving feature directly implemented inside the processor hardware have the possibility to render software based frequency scaling algorithm and DVFS method to be less effective in reducing energy usage.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.