Abstract. The effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the safety characteristics of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) was studied in this work. Graphene oxide was prepared and was investigated to form a composite based on GO-RDX by solvent-antisolvent slurry technique. For comparison, different polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) based on RDX bonded by viton A, fluorel or polymethyl-methacrylate binders were studied and designed as RDX-Viton, RDX-Fluorel and RDX-PMMA respectively. Sensitivities to impact and friction of the presented samples as well as the pure RDX was measured. The ignition temperatures were determined and the activation energies were calculated by using the ignition delay method. Results of x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope proved that RDX crystals were coated by a thin layer of GO. The impact sensitivity of GO-RDX composite is lower than that of the other studied samples while the friction sensitivity is slightly higher. The ignition temperature of GO-RDX was lower than the other studied samples which indicates that the GO caused accumulation of the decomposition gaseous products and accelerated the decomposition process of RDX. GO is an interesting candidate material to be used for coating the explosive crystals instead of the polymeric matrices.
A new generation of high energy materials depends on the use of Nano-particle oxides. Nano-scale copper oxide (nano-CuO) has large surface area and surface energy which is suitable for its application in the field of energetic materials. This manuscript reports a method for the synthesis of nano-CuO by a liquid-state reaction method. The prepared nano-CuO was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the particles size, purity and morphology of the crystals. The effect of Nano-CuO on the thermal behavior of AP was tested by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results proved that the average particle sizes of the nano-cuo particles are in the range of 10-20 nm. The thermal degradation rate of AP was increased by 23% in the presence of 1% nano-CuO and the heat release was increased by 51%. It was concluded that nano-CuO could have obvious effect on the burning behavior, performance and combustion characteristics of the solid rocket propellants.
Replacing the inert binder by an energetic one could increase the specific impulse of the propellants and enhance the propulsion characteristics of rockets. In this study, Nitro-b hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (NHTPB) was prepared by a simple method. The prepared NHTPB in addition to HTPB binder were characterized. FTIR spectra of both HTBP and NHTPB was determined and compared. The thermal behavior of the prepared NHTPB was studied using DSC technique at heating rate 5 degree/min. A composite propellant based on AP/NHTPB was prepared and the specific impulse was measured for AP/NHTPB using two inch motor. It was concluded that the energetic nitro-hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene has a clear max. exothermic peak at 203 °C with heat release of 323 J/g. By comparing the results, the prepared propellant AP/NHTPB has specific impulse higher than the traditional AP/HTPB propellant. NHTPB is a promising binder for the application of rocket propellants and needs more tests for its approval.
1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) is one of the most powerful energetic materials which has several applications. Decrease the sensitivity of HMX is a goal for the researchers. In this work, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on the sensitivity parameters of HMX has been studied. Graphene oxide has been prepared in our laboratories and it was used to prepare a composite based on GO-HMX by solvent-antisolvent slurry method. The prepared samples have been studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to check the crystal morphology of each sample. Selected types of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on HMX have been studied for comparison. Impact and friction sensitivities of GO-HMX and the selected PBXs were measured, and the ignition temperature was determined by deflagration test. It was concluded that the crystals of HMX have been coated by layers of GO and the shapes of the crystals have been modified. GO-HMX has lower impact sensitivity than the individual HMX and the studied PBXs while the friction sensitivity are in the same level. The GO layers caused accumulation of the heat inside the crystals during the heating process and decreased the ignition temperature of GO-HMX. GO successfully decreased the sensitivity parameters of HMX and its effect on the detonation parameters should be studied.
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