Abstract:The aim of the paper is to present the battery equivalent circuit for electric vehicle application. Moreover, the model described below is dedicated to lithium-ion types of batteries. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an efficient and transparent method to develop a battery equivalent circuit model. Battery modeling requires, depending on the chosen method, either significant calculations or a highly developed mathematical model for optimization. The model is evaluated in comparison to the real data measurements, to present the performance of the method. Battery measurements based on charge/discharge tests at a fixed C-rate are presented to show the relation of the output voltage profiles with the battery state of charge. The pulse discharge test is presented to obtain the electric parameters of the battery equivalent circuit model, using a Thévenin circuit. According to the Reverse Trike Ecologic Electric Vehicle (VEECO RT) characteristics used as a case study in this work, new values for vehicle autonomy and battery pack volume based on lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells are evaluated.
Future power systems will be based on the more active role of distribution system and its cooperation with transmission system. The main issue, which will appear in the network, is the congestion. Congestion management will become one of the crucial elements of power system operation since Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) will be playing a more important role in power systems. Moreover, the evolution also changed the character of the systems to be more dynamic—the need for precise description of power flow and shares of particular nodes in line flows will emerge. This paper presents the potential solution to the congestion management problem by using the active role of the distribution system, which may dismantle the congestions by offering flexibility services. The tools which will be indispensable in this process will be Power Flow Tracing (PFT) methods. The main goal of this paper is to present modification of PFT method and its possible applications. The correctness of the Modified Inage Domain (MID) method is verified. The identification, verification and possible applications of the new MID method are also shown in the paper. It has been proven that the new method may be used in applications of allocation of transmission cost and in application in modern power systems for advanced congestion management.
The high and growing share of renewable sources and the more important role of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the Distribution System (DS) is leading to a need for more efficient coordination of those sources. In future power systems, TSO–DSO coordination will play a key role in providing flexibility services. Lack of proper coordination of sources may lead to congestion in the network or to a lack of possibility to generate or consume energy on a requested level. The crucial aspect is that the TSO–DSO coordination must be based on an active role of all participants: TSO, DSO, generation units and the demand. This paper presents the possible application of the TSO–DSO coordination by providing the flexibility services from DS to the Transmission System (TS). The paper presents the complex optimization of TS, DS and its coordination. The main goal of the paper is to show the possibility of the application of the flexibility market into the current system design. It requires the creation of a new platform, where the offers of the flexibility services could be submitted and then exchanged between entities. The paper shows that the usage of flexibility services may decrease the operational cost of the system, and the DERs providing those services may benefit from an additional source of income.
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