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T ypical of developing countries that are very vulnerable to climate change and face multiple economic and environmental sustainability challenges, Egypt stands out as a good illustration of this. Egypt's existing arid climate will be exacerbated by climate change, with relatively high temperatures and poorer rainfall in major agricultural areas. All ecological conditions affect animal welfare, including temperature, humidity, presence of toxic contaminants, and litter quality (Utnik-Banaś et al., 2014). In the

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