This large prospective study has confirmed the value of PEC in the treatment of recurrent sigmoid volvulus and pseudo-obstruction in high-risk surgical patients.

Confocal laser endomicroscopy permits high-quality cellular, subsurface vascular and stromal imaging, enabling prediction of intraepithelial neoplasia with a high level of accuracy.

There is strong evidence that chromoscopy enhances the detection of neoplasia in the colon and rectum. People with neoplastic polyps, particularly those with multiple polyps, are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Such lesions, which presumably would be missed with conventional colonoscopy, could contribute to the interval cancer numbers on any surveillance programme.

There appears to be strong evidence that chromoscopy enhances the detection of neoplasia in the colon and rectum. Patients with neoplastic polyps, particularly those with multiple polyps, are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Such lesions, which presumably would be missed with conventional colonoscopy, could contribute to the interval cancer numbers on any surveillance programme.

We have shown for the first time that endoscopic resection of ALM even in the presence of complicating mucosal fibrosis is technically achievable using a combined ESD-assisted EMR technique. In an appropriately selected cohort, this technique may provide a technically feasible and clinically acceptable therapy where otherwise colectomy would be required.

Fissurectomy and botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of chronic anal fissure in females seems to be effective in the medium-term but there is a high rate of late recurrence. However, only a minority of patients proceed to more invasive surgical intervention, which may make it a useful option in patients not suitable for lateral sphincterotomy.

There appears to be strong evidence that chromoscopy enhances the detection of neoplasia in the colon and rectum. Patients with neoplastic polyps, particularly those with multiple polyps, are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Such lesions, which presumably would be missed with conventional colonoscopy, could contribute to the interval cancer numbers on any surveillance programme.

The majority of patients undergoing loop ileostomy reversal at our institution can be discharged earlier than they are at present. Support in the community and the implementation of modified UK day-case surgery protocols are suggested to help shorten patients' length of stay.