Colleges (hereafter, ACs) located in each prefecture have training courses targeting middle-aged people who intend to start farming as well as educating courses targeting younger generation. However, both curriculums of the training courses and attributes of the trainees are also diverse in each AC. This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the traineesʼ attributes and their appreciation of the course curriculums with a focus on their potential managerial and entrepreneurial orientations by using data from a national questionnaire survey of ACʼs trainees classified into two types of course curriculums (full-year or midto-short term) . Results are revealed as follows. First, their potential managerial and entrepreneurial orientations were different by their age, their family business (farmer or not) , and their desired plans after graduation. Second, in the full-year course curriculum, trainees with strong management orientation were more satisfied with the various course contents. On the other hand, many of highly management-oriented trainees required higher quality of contents such as practical management skills and networking activities. Those results imply that mid-to-short term training courses have difficulty in improving their course contents to attract their potential entrepreneurs.
This paper presented a literature review of the actual situation and efforts in securing temporary and seasonal agricultural labor forces in Japan. Until the 1990s, farmers can secure temporary agricultural labor forces from within their communities in most parts of Japan. However, with the decrease in the number of farmers, labor shortages in the horticultural sector became apparent in the 2000s. In Hokkaido, the temporary agricultural labor forces were provided by a group of female laborers; however, from the late 1990s, the aging of these women began to raise the issue of labor shortages. Therefore, job offers were spread to more regions, but securing laborers in the domestic labor market became difficult in recent years. Under these circumstances, the foreign technical training system played a role in the acceptance of foreign agricultural laborers, but there were many restrictions on accepting foreign workers as temporary or seasonal labor forces. Alternatively, from 2019, the "Specified Skilled Worker Systems" was started, making it possible to accept foreign agricultural laborers more flexibly. This means that the target regions for job offers are expanding beyond national borders.
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