Purpose of the study: This article examines a lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. A lexicon of borrowed words refers to a lexicon of Arabic loanwords that are used across different speech level codes. A lexicon of borrowings consists of words from a donor language that have been adopted into a recipient language for certain purposes. Methodology: In this descriptive and qualitative research, the data were collected utilizing the observation method and recording technique. The data for this descriptive-qualitative research were collected using observing the use of words prescribed in a Sundanese dictionary namely Kamus Undak Usuk Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Speech Level) by Tamsyah, published in 2015 and Kamus Etimologi Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Etymology) also by Tamsyah, published in 2017. The data were analyzed by using an identical method and a lexico-semantic approach. The sources of the data were chosen as data source samples by taking into account the availability of the data required in them. Main Findings: The findings of the research study reveals that a lexicon of nineteen words borrowed from Arabic commonly used in coarse, middle, and refined codes, with coarse usage predominating. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. The nineteen words are as follows: asal, makam, berekah, Abdi, alim, udur, hed, Kabar, hawatir, maksud, maot, mayit, lahir, saum, sabab, salat, sunatan, surat, and umur. Applications of the study: Introduction of Arabic lexicon to the Sundanese speech system occurred through a process of the loan. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. It is a transformation that causes the words to be used in different codes in the Sundanese speech level system. Novelty/Originality of the study: In Sundanese, speech level is considered a sociolinguistic innovation. Both the written and spoken forms of the language, together with all their variations and functions, are vital amidst the daily dynamics of the Sundanese people’s life. Hence, this article discusses the use of the lexicon of Arabic borrowings across different codes of the Sundanese speech level system. The current study is novel as it’s the first study that compares the Arabic and Sundanese language and found out the words that are originated from Arabic.
Brebes Sundanese Language (BSL) is a Sundanese language that exists in Brebes District, in the Center of Java. Brebes Sundanese Language growing in territorial of Java -Sunda's borders and far from the center of the Sundanese language.
The issue of maintaining the Sundanese Brebes language in the Sundanese community in Brebes Regency was raised because the existence of the Sundanese Brebes language is potentially threatened economically, socially, and politically by Javanese, Indonesian, and foreign languages. Previous studies suggest that monolingual communities are vulnerable to switch to languages with higher political power, whereas established multilingual communities tend to survive. However, this is different from the Sundanese Brebes language. The purpose of this paper is to examine the pattern of Sundanese Brebes maintenance based on heterogeneity. The number of respondents in this study was 400. The results of the analysis showed that monolingual communities type 1 and 2 maintain Sundanese Brebes language more active than multilingual communities type 3 and 4. In the monolingual community, the presence of Javanese and Indonesian languages with dominant economic and political power did not influence significantly language maintenance. In contrast, the maintenance of Sundanese Brebes in the multilingual community is more passive. The maintenance of Sundanese Brebes still occurs because of the strong identity of Sundanese Brebes. This study is expected to contribute to the study of language maintenance patterns in several community characteristics.
Sundanese is a language that is rich in particles, including phatic particles. One of these particles is beu 'express surprise'. Sundanese is one of the languages that knows the level of speech or steps of undak usuk. There are three levels of speech in Sundanese, namely familiar code, polite code for oneself, and subtle code for others. Beu particle can generally appear in all three codes. Considering the use of speech level is related to the social factors of the conversation participants so that it can be explained the social relationship between the conversation participants who use sentences by adding the beu particle. This study discusses the speech level code that gives rise to the beu particle and the social relations of the conversational participants who use it. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Presentation of data using the method of observing with note-taking techniques. Data analysis used a pragmatic equivalent method with a sociolinguistic approach. The data sources used are eight Sundanese fictition stories. From the eight data sources, fifteen sentences were containing the particle beu. The results showed that the speech level code using the beu particle contained 15 data, namely 13 data were familiar codes and 2 data were polite codes for other people. Of the 13 data, 5 data are social relations of neighboring speech participants, 4 data are social relations of friendship speech participants, 2 data are family social relations, and 2 data are work relations social relations. The nature of social relations found 12 symmetrical data and 3 asymmetrical data.
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