Side-effects of Pesticides Used in Integrated Production of Apples to Parasitoids of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)ABSTRACT -Parasitoids of genus Trichogramma represent an alternative to control tortricids in apple orchards; however, it is necessary to use selective pesticides for managing this crop. The side-effects of pesticides used in Integrated Production of Apples, were evaluated to parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions, by following protocols of IOBC/WPRS. Bioassays were carried with: a) adults by exposing to fresh pesticides residues, applied on glass plates; b) immature stages, with applications of pesticides on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with the parasitoid in the egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae stages. The reduction in the parasitization (adults) and reduction on adults emergence (immatures), in relation the control were used to classified the pesticides in harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%).Out of 60 pesticides tested in bioassays with adults of T. pretiosum, 60% were harmless, 10% slightly harmful, 16.67% moderately harmful and 13.33% harmful. In bioassays with immatures, out of 19 pesticides evaluated, 73.68% were harmless for all immatures stages and the others were slightly harmful in at least one stage. For T. atopovirilia, of the 40 pesticides evaluated with adults, 45% were harmless, 15% slightly harmful, 12.5% moderately harmful and 27.5% harmful; in bioassays with immatures of the 17 pesticides tested 58.82% were harmless for the three stages, while 41.18% were slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful. T. atopovirilia was more sensitive than T. pretiosum to evaluated pesticides in the tests with either adults or immatures.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego simultâneo de isca tóxica e da técnica de disrupção sexual, com uso de feromônio sexual, para o controle de Anastrepha fraterculus e Grapholita molesta, em pomar comercial de pessegueiro. Foram utilizados três pomares de 0,5 ha, com os seguintes tratamentos: pomar 1, manejo com isca tóxica (Biofruit 3% + Malathion 500 CE a 200 mL por 100 L), aplicada nas plantas da borda do pomar quando o nível de controle era atingido, e uso da disrupção sexual por meio da aplicação de feromônio (Splat Grafo) em 1.000 pontos por ha; pomar 2, manejo convencional, constituído por pulverizações com inseticidas de contato e ingestão de 2 a 3 vezes ao ano; pomar 3, testemunha, sem controle. A população de adultos das duas espécies e o dano em ponteiros e frutos foram monitorados nas safras 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. O uso simultâneo da isca tóxica e da técnica de disrupção sexual reduziu em mais de 90% a captura de adultos de A. fraterculus e G. molesta. Nas duas safras, os danos reduziram de 62-85% em ponteiros, e de 98-99% nos frutos, em comparação à testemunha sem controle.Termos para indexação: Anastrepha fraterculus, Grapholita molesta, Prunus persica, feromônio sexual, manejo de pragas, produção integrada de pêssego. Toxic bait and mating disruption to control the American fruit fly and the oriental fruit moth on peach orchardsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the simultaneous use of toxic bait and mating disruption technique using sexual pheromone for Anastrepha fraterculus and Grapholita molesta control, in commercial peach orchards. Three 0.5-ha orchards were used, with the following treatments: orchad 1, toxic bait (Biofruit 3% + Malathion 500 CE, 200 mL in 100 L) and mating disruption using sexual pheromone (Splat Grafo) in 1,000 points ha -1 ; orchad 2, conventional management, using contact insecticides 2 to 3 times a year; orchad 3, no pest control. Adult populations of both species, and sprout and fruit damages were monitored during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 crop seasons. Simultaneous use of toxic bait and mating disruption technique decreased the captures of A. fraterculus and G. molesta in more than 90%. In the two crop seasons, the damages on sprouts decreased 62-85%, and 98-99% on fruit, compared to the untreated orchard.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de 12 agrotóxicos usados na produção integrada de maçã, em laboratório (temperatura 25±1 o C, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotófase de 14 horas), tendo-se exposto adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum a resíduos secos dos agrotóxicos, na máxima dosagem recomendada para uso em campo, e tendo-se posteriormente mensurado o número de ovos parasitados por fêmea. Reduções no parasitismo, em relação à testemunha (água), foram utilizadas para classificar os agrotóxicos em inócuo (<30%), levemente nocivo (30-79%), moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e nocivo (>99%). Foram inócuos os acaricidas Envidor (espirodiclofeno), Kendo 50 SC (fenpiroximato) e Ortus 50 SC (fenpiroximato), os fungicidas Antracol 700 PM (propinebe), Midas BR (famoxadona + mancozebe), Palisade (fluquinconazol), Persist SC (mancozebe) e Systhane PM (miclobutanil) e o inseticida Mimic 240 SC (tebufenozida); o herbicida Polaris (glifosato) foi levemente nocivo; os herbicidas Finale (glufosinato sal de amônio) e Roundup Original (glifosato) foram moderadamente nocivos a T. pretiosum.Termos para indexação: parasitóide de ovos, manejo integrado de pragas, pesticidas. Side effects of pesticides used in integrated production of apple in adults of Trichogramma pretiosumAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the side effects of 12 pesticides used in the integrated production of apple, in laboratory (25±1 o C temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14 hours photophase), exposing adults of Trichogramma pretiosum to fresh dry pesticide film, in the maximum dosage recommended for field use, with subsequent assessement of the number of eggs parasitized per female. The reduction in the parasitism, compared with the control (water), was used to classify the pesticides as harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%). The acaricides Envidor (spirodiclofen), Kendo 50 SC (fenpyroximate) and Ortus 50 SC (fenpyroximate), the fungicides Antracol 700 PM (propineb), Midas BR (famoxadone + mancozeb), Palisade (fluquinconazole), Persist SC (mancozeb) and Systhane PM (myclobutanil) and the insecticide Mimic 240 SC (tebufenozide) were harmless; the herbicide Polaris (glyphosate) was slightly harmful; the herbicides Finale (gluphosinate-ammonium) and Roundup Original (glyphosate) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum.
-This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless (< 30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); and 4, harmful (> 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoximmethyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.KEY WORDS: Insecta, egg parasitoid, pesticide, Malus domestica, Integrated Fruit Production RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a susceptibilidade em condições de laboratório de adultos do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley a fungicidas utilizados na Produção Integrada da Maçã (PIM). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos utilizando-se protocolos padrões da Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico (IOBC), Seção Regional Paleártica Oeste (WPRS). Foram testados doze fungicidas nas respectivas doses (g ou ml ingrediente ativo/100 L) captana 1 (0,115), captana 2 (0,120), cresoxim-metílico (0,010), enxofre 1 (AG) (0,480), enxofre 2 (0,480), folpete (0,105), mancozebe (0,160), piraclostrobina (0,010), tebuconazol (0,010), tetraconazol (0,005), tiofanato-metílico (0,050) e triforina (0,024). Adicionalmente, utilizou-se água destilada como testemunha negativa e o inseticida triclorfom (0,150) como testemunha positiva. Adultos do parasitóide foram expostos a resíduos dos tratamentos depositados sobre placas de vidro, sendo avaliadas as reduções no parasitismo em relação à testemunha (somente água). Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições. Os resultados permitiram classificar os fungicidas quanto ao impacto sobre os parasitóides em quatro classes: 1, inócuo (< 30%); 2, levemente nocivo (30-79%); 3, mod...
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