In this research, we report the size-controlled synthesis and surface-functionalization of magnetite with the natural antioxidant gallic acid (GA) as a ligand, using in situ and post-synthesis methods. GA functionalization provided narrow size distribution, with an average particle size of 5 and 8 nm for in situ synthesis of gallic acid functionalized magnetite IONP@GA1 and IONP@GA2, respectively, which are ultra-small particles as compared to unfunctionalized magnetite (IONP) and post functionalized magnetite IONP@GA3 with average size of 10 and 11 nm respectively. All the IONPs@GA samples were found hydrophilic with stable aggregation state. Prior to commencement of experimental lab work, PASS software was used to predict the biological activities of GA and it is found that experimental antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antimicrobial studies using well diffusion method are in good agreement with the simulated results. Furthermore, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DPPH antioxidant assay revealed a 2–4 fold decrease as compared to unfunctionalized IONP. In addition to antioxidant activity, all the three IONP@GA proved outstanding antimicrobial activity while testing on different bacterial and fungal strains. The results collectively indicate the successful fabrication of novel antioxidant, antimicrobial IONP@GA composite, which are magnetically separable, efficient, and low cost, with potential applications in polymers, cosmetics, and biomedical and food industries.
Gelatin is a highly purified animal protein of pig, cow, and fish origins and is extensively used in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. However, the acceptability of gelatin products greatly depends on the animal sources of the gelatin. Porcine and bovine gelatins have attractive features but limited acceptance because of religious prohibitions and potential zoonotic threats, whereas fish gelatin is welcomed in all religions and cultures. Thus, source authentication is a must for gelatin products but it is greatly challenging due to the breakdown of both protein and DNA biomarkers in processed gelatins. Therefore, several methods have been proposed for gelatin identification, but a comprehensive and systematic document that includes all of the techniques does not exist. This up-to-date review addresses this research gap and presents, in an accessible format, the major gelatin source authentication techniques, which are primarily nucleic acid and protein based. Instead of presenting these methods in paragraph form which needs much attention in reading, the major methods are schematically depicted, and their comparative features are tabulated. Future technologies are forecasted, and challenges are outlined. Overall, this review paper has the merit to serve as a reference guide for the production and application of gelatin in academia and industry and will act as a platform for the development of improved methods for gelatin authentication.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) supported cobalt oxide was prepared as a catalyst by strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) method. The CNT support was initially acid- and thermal-treated in order to functionalize the support to uptake more Co clusters. The Co/CNT were characterized by a range of analytical methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen (H2-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Zeta sizer particle size analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. TEM images showed cobalt particles were highly dispersed and impregnated at both exterior and interior walls of the CNT support with a narrow particle size distribution of 6–8 nm. In addition, the performance of the synthesized Co/CNT catalyst was tested using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction which was carried out in a fixed-bed micro-reactor. H2-TPR profiles indicated the lower reduction temperature of 420 °C was required for the FTS reaction. The study revealed that cobalt is an effective metal for Co/CNT catalysts at pH 14 and at 900 °C calcination temperature. Furthermore, FTS reaction results showed that CO conversion and C5+ selectivity were recorded at 58.7% and 83.2% respectively, which were higher than those obtained using a Co/CNT catalyst which pre-treated at a lower thermal treatment temperature and pH.
The nano-scale magnetite iron oxide particles have been synthesised by a facile precipitation method. Magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised in a bath with electrolytes composed of 0·10 M of iron (II) chloride with 0·45 M of sodium hydroxide at different reaction temperatures under oxidising environment. In the present study, the influence of reaction temperatures (30, 45 and 80°C) on the morphology, particle size and crystallinity of the iron oxide particles were investigated in detail. Based on the Malvern Zetasizer analysis, the iron oxide particles with variable size from ∼250 to ∼70 nm could be achieved when increasing the reaction temperature up to 80°C. The magnetite phase of iron oxide particles was determined by using X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs were further affirmed that our synthesised iron oxide particles were in nano-scale with a spherical shape. It was found that the high reaction temperature is helpful in controlling the formation of uniform magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles.
The study was conducted in the poplar field belonging to Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul in the autumn season 2018-2019, where it was found that the leaves of the Euphrates poplar have more than one type of insect that infects the leaves, including Egerirotriaza ceardi (Berg.) (Psyllidae, Homoptera) poplar leaves, this was evidenced by the symptoms of the infection it causes, which are spotting and galls. The highest infection was recorded in the first week of January 2019, with an average of (70.71) symptoms reported, and the highest average infection was recorded on the eastern side with an average of (41.23) symptoms, although the study showed the highest average of the spots resulting from the infection reached (95.33) spot recorded in the first week of January 2019, on the upper and lower surface of leaves on the western side of the tree, while the highest average of (26.33) galls was recorded on the upper surface of the leaf from the southern side in the last week of January 2019, on the upper and lower surface of the leaves and on the western side of the tree, while the highest average of (26.33) galls was recorded on the upper surface of the leaf from the southern side in the last week of January 2019, where the study showed that there is a negative significant correlation between the temperatures of that autumn season with The insect numerical density (-0.747) at a significant level (p<.0001), This is due to the low temperatures for the period from 4/12/2018 to 23/1/2019, which ranged between (13.8 - 7.11 ° C), while the relative humidity averages did not have a significant correlation with the insect's numerical density, which ranged between (51.43 - 61.14%) As for the second insect, it was an insect the poplar leaves aphid Chaitophorus sp. (Aphidae; Homoptera). As the highest average density of an insect reached (48) insects on the lower surface of leaves from the northern side in the first week of December, 2018 ,where the correlation of the density of aphids with positive mean temperatures was high (0.841) at a significant level of 0.001 and negative with mean relative humidity (-0.41), As for the third insect, the Gypsonoma hapalosarea (Tortricidae Lepidoptera) was the highest average (1.0) one in the second week of December 2019 on the northern side of the insect and the total of the insect bond is (22) insect for the autumn season. From the northern side with 7 insects, and that the first week of January recorded the highest infection (7) insects also.
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