Background Dermatophytosis in calves is a major public and veterinary health concern worldwide because of its zoonotic potential and associated economic losses in cattle farms. However, this condition has lacked adequate attention; thus, to develop effective control measures, we determined ringworm prevalence, risk factors, and the direct-sample nested PCR diagnostic indices compared with the conventional methods of dermatophytes identification. Moreover, the phenolic composition of an Aloe vera gel extract (AGE) and its in vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity were evaluated and compared with those of antifungal drugs. Results Of the 760 calves examined, 55.79% (424/760) showed ringworm lesions; 84.91% (360/424) were positive for fungal elements in direct-microscopy, and 79.72% (338/424) were positive in culture. Trichophyton verrucosum was the most frequently identified dermatophyte (90.24%). The risk of dermatophytosis was higher in 4–6-month-old vs. 1-month-old calves (60% vs. 41%), and in summer and winter compared with spring and autumn seasons (66 and 54% vs. 48%). Poor hygienic conditions, intensive breeding systems, animal raising for meat production, parasitic infestation, crossbreeding, and newly purchased animals were statistically significant risk factors for dermatophytosis. One-step PCR targeting the conserved regions of the 18S and 28S genes achieved unequivocal identification of T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes in hair samples. Nested-PCR exhibited an excellent performance in all tested diagnostic indices and increased the species-specific detection of dermatophytes by 20% compared with culture. Terbinafine and miconazole were the most active antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, aloe-Emodin, quercetin, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds of AGE, as assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These compounds increased and synergized the antidermatophytic activity of AGE. The treated groups showed significantly lower clinical scores vs. the control group (P < 0.05). The calves were successfully treated with topical AGE (500 ppm), resulting in clinical and mycological cure within 14–28 days of the experiment; however, the recovery was achieved earlier in the topical miconazole 2% and AGE plus oral terbinafine groups. Conclusions The nested PCR assay provided a rapid diagnostic tool for dermatophytosis and complemented the conventional methods for initiating targeted treatments for ringworm in calves. The recognized antidermatophytic potential of AGE is an advantageous addition to the therapeutic outcomes of commercial drugs.

Among many bovine Mycoplasma species (spp.), Mycoplasma bovis is recognized as a significant causative agent of respiratory diseases in cattle. In recent years, resistant M. bovis isolates, especially to fluoroquinolones, have been reported globally as a result of the extensive usage of antimicrobials in the treatment of bovine pneumonia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bovine Mycoplasma spp. isolated from the respiratory tracts of cattle in Egypt and to assess the fluoroquinolones resistance in the recovered mycoplasma isolates via broth microdilution and conventional PCR techniques. Conventional phenotypic methods identified 128 mycoplasma isolates (32%) from 400 different samples, with M. bovis being the predominant spp. (61%), followed by M. bovirhinis (15%). Of note, mycoplasma isolates were rarely isolated from total healthy lung tissues (7/55, 12.7%), but they were frequently isolated from pneumonic lungs (31/45, 68.9%). All the examined mycoplasma isolates (n = 76) were sensitive to tilmicosin, tylosin, tulathromycin, spiramycin, and spectinomycin (100% each), while 60.5% and 43.4% of the examined isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to enrofloxacin and doxycycline, respectively. Three and two mycoplasma isolates with high enrofloxacin MICs were confirmed to be M. bovis and M. bovirhinis, respectively, by PCR assays. All molecularly confirmed mycoplasma isolates (n = 5) were positive for the gyrA gene (100%); meanwhile, three isolates (60%) were positive for the parC gene. In conclusion, our findings revealed alarming resistance to enrofloxacin and doxycycline antibiotics; thus, antimicrobial usage must be restricted and molecular techniques can help in the rapid detection of the resistant strains.

To evaluate the effect of canine parvovirus infection on hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs, forty-two dogs aged 2 -9 months admitted to the Veterinary Hospital at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University and private clinics at Sharqia governorate between August 2018 and August 2019 were included in the present study. The canine parvovirus infected dogs (n=32) were positive for the rapid CPV Ag test kit with clinical signs of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, depression and anorexia. Hematological examination in canine parvovirus infected dogs showed decreased hemoglobin, RBCs, PCV% and leukocytes due to lymphopenia and neutropenia compared to healthy control dogs (n=10). The ALT, AST, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and serum creatinine significantly increased. After treatment of infected dog with intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotics, anti-emetics, hematological and biochemical parameters were improved after recovery. We concluded that, canine parvovirus infection has an effect on the hematological and biochemical findings dogs.

Background: Calves dermatophytosis is a major public and veterinary health problem worldwide due to its zoonotic potential and economic losses in cattle farms. However, it has lacked adequate attention; thereby for effective control measures it is worth determining ringworm prevalence, risk factors and direct sample nested-PCR diagnostic indices as compared to conventional methods for dermatophytes identification. Moreover, Aloe vera gel extract (AGE) phenolic composition and its in-vitro and in-vivo anti-dermatophytic activity in comparison to antifungal drugs were evaluated. Results: Of 760 examined calves, 55.79 % showed ringworm lesions. 84.91% were positive for fungal elements in direct microscopy, and 79.72% were culture positive. Trichophyton verrucosum was the most frequently identified dermatophytes (90.24%). Risk of dermatophytosis is high in 4-6 month than 1-month aged calves (60% versus 41%), in summer and winter compared to spring and autumn seasons (66% and 54% versus 48%). Poor hygienic conditions, intensive breeding system, animals raised for meat production, parasitic infestation, crossbreed, and newly purchased animals were statistically significant risk factors correlated with dermatophytosis. One-step PCR targeting conserved regions in the 18S and 28S genes achieved unequivocal identification of T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes in hair samples. Nested-PCR achieved an excellent performance in all tested diagnostic indices and increased the species-specific detection of dermatophytes by 20 % as compared to culture. Terbinafine and miconazole were the most active antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, aloe-Emodin, quercetin, and rutin are the major phenolic compounds of AGE identified by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These compounds increased and synergized the anti-dermatophytic activity of AGE. The treated groups showed significantly lower clinical scores than the control group ( P < 0.05). The calves were successfully treated with topical AGE (500 ppm) resulting in clinical and mycological cure within 14-28 day of the experiment. Conclusions: Implementation of nested-PCR assay providing a rapid diagnostic tool for dermatophytosis augments and complement the conventional methods for initiating targeted treatments of calves ringworm. The recognized anti-dermatophytic potential of AGE is advantageous countenance to commercial drugs to go used in therapeutics.

This work investigated the prevalence of bovine mastitis in a dairy farm, Ismalia governrate, Egypt with phynotypic and genotypic clarification of the causative bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Also a treatment trial with a combination of Cafalexin, Kanamycin was evaluated. The total prevalence of mastitis was 31.82% (119/374) at cow level and 17.01% (247/1452) at quarter level. 261 isolates were detected. (74.33%) belong to staphylococcus spp and (25.67%) to streptococcus spp. as major microorganisms (CNS (42.53%) s.aurus (31.80%) s. uberis (12.26%), s. agalactia (8.81%) and s. dysagalactia(4.59%). The isolates were tested against 15 antimicrobial agents and the highest percentage of resistant bacteria was for AMC, P, C and E. while the lowest rate was  for CN, CIP, CL and K. Molecular Characterization of isolated pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes was performed by PCR on 15 isolates. blaTEM-1 Was the most frequently detected gen followed by aadA1, dfrA1, cmlA, sul1, and tetA. 110 infected udder quarters were enrolled for 21 days to evaluate the treatment with Terrexine LC intramammary suspension 10g on six occasions at 12 h intervals and gentamycin intramuscular injection (1cm/20kg Bw for 3-5 days in cows with systemic reaction. A high significant reduction was recorded for the log10 SSC, log10 TBC and the level of LDH in milk after treatment  compared their level before treatment (P-value <0.0001***).  The milk season for cows, degree of mastitis or type of microorganism isolated before treatment have no effect on the recovery rate P-value ˃0.05.  In conclusion, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is greatly increased so antibiotic usage must be Restricted.  PCR can help in the rapid detection of the resistant strains.  Treatment of mastitis with combination of antimicrobial may reduce drug resistance. Bovine mastitis still needs updated knowledge on the causative microbes and their antibiotic resistance patterns for optimal control and treatment.