Human platelets are anucleate blood cells that retain cytoplasmic mRNA and maintain functionally intact protein translational capabilities. We have adapted complementary techniques of microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) for genetic profiling of highly purified human blood platelets. Microarray analysis using the Affymetrix HGU95Av2 approximately 12 600-probe set maximally identified the expression of 2147 (range, 13%-17%) platelet-expressed transcripts, with approximately 22% collectively involved in metabolism and receptor/signaling, and an overrepresentation of genes with unassigned function (32%). In contrast, a modified SAGE protocol using the Type IIS restriction enzyme

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Production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by cancer cells at invasive and metastatic sites is an important aspect of tumor angiogenesis. Although known primarily as a mitogen and a vascular permeability factor (VPF) for endothelial cells, VEGF/VPF has been proposed to induce the expression of procoagulant factors in endothelial cells. In this study, we have explored the ramifications of VEGF induction of tissue factor (TF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and subsequent activation of progelatinase A. Within 3 hr of incubation with VEGF/VPF, endothelial cells accelerate TF generation as measured using chromogenic substrate assays for coagulation factors Xa and thrombin. Incubation of VEGF/VPF‐pre‐treated cells with prothrombin and factors X, Va, and VIIa at 37°C and subsequent generation of thrombin resulted in activation of secreted endothelial progelatinase A as demonstrated by gelatin zymography. Anti‐thrombin III or antibodies to TF inhibited thrombin generation and progelatinase A activation. VEGF/VPF also directly increased HUVEC secretion of interstitial collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP‐1) and, to a lesser extent, gelatinase A. The effect of thrombin on endothelial proliferation in serum‐free media was examined. Thrombin was a growth factor for HUVECs at a lower dose than that required for progelatinase A activation. Whereas TIMP‐2 abrogated thrombin‐induced progelatinase A activation, it had no significant effect on thrombin‐induced endothelial cell growth. We propose that an early step in tumor angiogenesis involves VEGF‐induced thrombin generation and increased MMP production with subsequent activation of endothelial progelatinase A and degradation of the underlying basement membrane. Int. J. Cancer 75:780–786, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

KIAA1199 serves as a novel cell migration-promoting gene and plays a critical role in maintaining cancer mesenchymal status.

Angiogenesis requires degradation of vascular basement membrane prior to migration and proliferation of endothelial cells; proteinases are essential ingredients in this process. Because of thrombin's multiple effects on endothelium, we have examined its role in matrix metalloproteinase activation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Gelatin zymography of endothelial conditioned media revealed a prominent 72-kDa progelatinase A band. Addition of ␣-thrombin to endothelial cells resulted in the generation of 64 and 62 kDa gelatinolytic bands which is consistent with the activation of progelatinase A; thrombin had no effect in the absence of cells. This effect requires the proteolytic site of thrombin since progelatinase A activation was abolished by specific inhibitors of thrombin. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors diminished thrombin-induced activation of progelatinase A. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with excess tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 or a COOH-terminal fragment of progelatinase A abrogated thrombin-mediated activation of progelatinase A presumably by competing with the COOH terminus of native progelatinase A for interaction with an activator site on endothelial plasma membranes. Although membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase was demonstrated in endothelial cells by Northern and Western blotting, the receptor function of this molecule in thrombin-induced activation of progelatinase A needs to be clarified. Progelatinase A activation did not require intracellular signal transduction events mediated by the thrombin receptor. These data demonstrate that 1) endothelial cells express a novel activation mechanism for progelatinase A, 2) proteolytically active thrombin regulates this activation mechanism, and 3) activation occurs independently of the functional thrombin receptor.Whereas the effect of thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) on production of fibrin and activation of platelets has been intensively studied over many years, interest in the role of thrombin on endothelial function has lagged. Recent studies have indicated that thrombin affects post-clotting events involved in angiogenesis (1). The vascular endothelium actively binds coagulation proteins, resulting in cell-surface generation of thrombin that can persist within the protected environment of a clot (2). A unique Gprotein-coupled thrombin receptor (3) is known to be functionally expressed by endothelial cells (4). Interaction of thrombin with an endothelial cell-surface thrombin receptor(s) results in a multiplicity of effects including cell retraction and permeability, generation of phosphoinositides and prostaglandin, and secretion of Von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator, and platelet-derived growth factor (5-7). The role of individual thrombin receptors and endothelial signal transduction events on thrombin-mediated cell activation phenomena remain incompletely characterized (4).Neoangiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, requires the degradation of underlying basement membranes p...

IQGAPs are multidomain scaffolding proteins that integrate Rho GTPase and Ca2؉ /calmodulin signals with cell adhesive and cytoskeletal reorganizational events. Targeted disruption of the murine Iqgap2 gene resulted in the age-dependent development of apoptosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), characterized by the overexpression of IQGAP1, the loss of membrane E-cadherin expression, the cytoplasmic translocation (and activation) of ␤-catenin, and the overexpression of a nuclear target of ␤-catenin, cyclin D1. In normal hepatocytes, IQGAP2 was found to exist as one component of a multifunctional scaffolding complex comprising IQGAP1, ␤-catenin, and E-cadherin, with no evidence for direct IQGAP1-IQGAP2 interactions. Interbreeding of Iqgap2 ؊/؊ mice into the Iqgap1 ؊/؊ background resulted in the phenotypic correction of the preexisting hepatopathy, decreases in the incidence and sizes of HCC tumors, and the normalization of overall survival rates compared to those of Iqgap2 ؊/؊ mice, suggesting that maximal penetrance of the Iqgap2 ؊/؊ HCC phenotype requires the coordinate expression of IQGAP1. These results identify Iqgap2 as a novel tumor suppressor gene specifically linked to the development of HCC and the activation of the Wnt/␤-catenin signaling pathway, while also suggesting that IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 retain functionally divergent roles in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Purpose of review The proteome is the pool of proteins expressed at a given time and circumstance. The word “proteomics” summarizes several technologies for visualization, quantitation and identification of these proteins. Recent advances in these techniques are helping to elucidate platelet processes which are relevant to bleeding and clotting disorders, transfusion medicine and regulation of angiogenesis. Recent findings Over 1100 platelet proteins have been identified using proteomic techniques. Various subproteomes have been characterized, including platelet releasates (the “secretome”), alpha and dense granules, membrane and cytoskeletal proteins, platelet-derived microparticles, and the platelet “phosphoproteome”. Proteomic data about platelets have become increasingly available in integrated databases. Summary Proteomic experiments in resting and activated platelets have identified novel signaling pathways and secreted proteins which may represent therapeutic targets, as well as potential cancer biomarkers.

Membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT-MMP1), a novel 63-kDa member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, is a membrane-anchored enzyme and an activator for gelatinase A. In addition to its C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain, MT-MMP1 has an insertion of 11 amino acids between its propeptide and catalytic domain encrypted with a RRKR recognition motif for the paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme, furin. In this report, we investigated whether the cleavage of the RRKR motif of MT-MMP1 by Golgiassociated furin is analogous to a similar enzyme activation mechanism observed with stromelysin-3. Mutant forms of MT-MMP1 were cotransfected into COS-1 cells with cDNAs for pro-gelatinase A and/or furin. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting using specific antibodies were employed to characterize cell proteins. Whereas furin readily cleaved soluble MT-MMP1 lacking the transmembrane domain (⌬MT-MMP1), a soluble stromelysin-1/⌬MT-MMP1 chimera without the RRKR basic motif was resistant to furin-induced cleavage. COS-1 cells cotransfected with wild type MT-MMP1cDNA and furin cDNA demonstrated a 63-kDa protein (latent enzyme) on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis rather than the anticipated lower molecular weight activated enzyme. Inhibition of furin activity with ␣1-protease inhibitor Pittsburgh (a furin inhibitor) did not affect the pro-gelatinase A activation mechanism in COS-1 cells cotransfected with MT-MMP1 and pro-gelatinase A cDNAs. Furthermore, substitution of the RRKR motif of MT-MMP1 with alanine residues by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in the same 63-kDa protein without loss of pro-gelatinase A activation function. These data indicate that furin-induced activation of MT-MMP1 is not a prerequisite for pro-gelatinase A activation. The mechanism of activation of cell-bound MT-MMP1 remains to be elucidated.