The aim of the study was to assess energy cost and total external work (total energy) depending on the speed of race walking. Another objective was to determine the contribution of external work to total energy cost of walking at technical, threshold and racing speed in elite competitive race walkers.The study involved 12 competitive race walkers aged 24.9 4.10 years with 6 to 20 years of experience, who achieved a national or international sports level. Their aerobic endurance was determined by means of a direct method involving an incremental exercise test on the treadmill.The participants performed three tests walking each time with one of the three speeds according to the same protocol: an 8-minute walk with at steady speed was followed by a recovery phase until the oxygen debt was repaid. To measure exercise energy cost, an indirect method based on the volume of oxygen uptake was employed. The gait of the participants was recorded using the 3D Vicon opto-electronic motion capture system.Values of changes in potential energy and total kinetic energy in a gate cycle were determined based on vertical displacements of the centre of mass. Changes in mechanical energy amounted to the value of total external work of muscles needed to accelerate and lift the centre of mass during a normalised gait cycle.The values of average energy cost and of total external work standardised to body mass and distance covered calculated for technical speed, threshold and racing speeds turned out to be statistically significant (p 0.001).The total energy cost ranged from 51.2 kJ.m-1 during walking at technical speed to 78.3 kJ.m-1 during walking at a racing speed. Regardless of the type of speed, the total external work of muscles accounted for around 25% of total energy cost in race walking. Total external work mainly increased because of changes in the resultant kinetic energy of the centre of mass movement.
Research problem: In the narrative review in the introductory chapter of this study, it was shown that there are no scientific methods or tools for researching the Functional Overreaching (FOR) state limit, which determines the occurrence of the phenomenon of Non-functional Overreaching (NFOR) and the overtraining syndrome - OTS. Research objective: In principle, this research was conducted to provide evidence of the possibility of developing, implementing and controlling such a programme for preparation to participate in the Olympic Games of champions among athletes in race walking, which will guarantee that the applied training load does not cause a state of non-functional overload. Material and methods: Six walkers took part in the research, presenting the level of the international and national master class at 20 and 50 km. They were all medallists of the Polish championship. Three of them have already participated in the Olympic Games, one was a medallist at the European and World Championships. In selected periods of the developed annual training plan, measurements in variability of walking speed at the level of the anaerobic threshold (starting speed) were carried out using the pitch test. The observation of the sports training process was supplemented with a multifaceted observation of the effects of overreaching training (ORT), which included the following measurements: 1. somatic features and anthropometric indices; 2. haematological parameters of the blood and non-enzymatic antioxidant factor, glutathione (GSH), vitamin D3, and blood serum concentrations: pro-inflammatory cytokines -IL1β and IL-6, markers of oxidative stress, TAC, alpha- and gamma-TOC, proteins: Aponectin and Zonulin; 3. electromyographic (EMG) recording in the field and laboratory conditions and the work of the lower-limb muscles during the gait test with a gradual increase in its speed. Systematic monitoring of the nutritional status of walkers throughout the training cycle was performed and, on this basis, the following were established: a) principles of a rational diet and individual nutritional recommendations; b) dietary recommendations during the period of training and biological regeneration; c) individual strategies of dietary supplementation aimed at supporting immunity. Research results: Results of research have been presented in each segment of the study. Using the system-functional discourse method, they are discussed, interpreted and justified to assess the induction of beneficial skeletal muscle adaptation, ranging from increased endurance due to mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, to increased strength due to myocyte hypertrophy. Frequently encountered forms of application were: narration, description and argumentation. Conclusions: 1) The developed model of sports training for race walkers, as well as the proposed system of control and monitoring adaptation processes to physical effort can be considered as a reference point for development, for top sports class competitors, safe preparation for the target event (not exceeding the functional load limit); 2) The qualification of one of its participants for the Olympic team and the winning of medals at the Polish Championships by the remaining competitors should be considered a measurable effect of the performed observation.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate physical activity and its effect on the prevalence of low back pain. Additional research questions were formulated to thoroughly examine the topic under study. Was low back pain reported by study participants before and during pregnancy? Did women who were physically active and those who were inactive during pregnancy experience low back pain? Did pain intensity depend on physical activity? The study examined 118 women aged 23 to 42 years. The mean age of the participants was 25.57 ± 3.46 years. In terms of demographics, one-third of the participants lived in rural areas and twothirds lived in urban areas. Most of the women (72.9%) had higher education and 75.4% of them were employed. Ninety-seven women were married. The interview was based on an anonymous questionnaire with 30 questions and the visual analog scale (VAS). For 72% of women, pregnancy is accompanied by low back pain (p<0.001). They viewed physical activity as a method of pain management rather than prevention of back pain (p=0.010). Therefore, they undertook various forms of physical activity to relieve pain. This is one of the main motivations for taking up physical exercise during pregnancy. The benefits of physical activity most commonly emphasized by pregnant women include a faster return to their pre-pregnancy slimness, easier delivery, reduced back pain, and improved mood.
Aim. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of somatic build of athletes at different (national and club) levels of sports skills. Furthermore, the study attempted to establish relationships between the performance in the 100m and 200m sprints and the parameters studied in the groups of sprinters and a control group (university students). Materials. The study included a selected group of sprinters (n=34). The sports skill level of the athletes was determined according to the track and field standards of the Polish Athletics Association (Polish: Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki, PZLA) as a sports class (Class I: national level, Class II: club level). The control group (n=62) consisted of sophomore full-time male students of physical education from the University of Physical Education in Krakow, Poland. Results and Conclusions. The results indicated that there was little intergroup variation in somatic build for characteristics such as hip width, elbow width, arm circumference, and largest thigh circumference. A significant effect on the improvement in scores in Class I athletes was found for R skinfold (over ticeps skin-fold) in 100m sprinters and the sum of R+Ł skinfolds (over ticeps + subscapular skin-fold) in 200m sprinters. In other groups, associations with the 100m score were shown for shoulder width, lower limb length, B skinfold (on abdonmen skin-fold), Ł skinfold, R skinfold, hip width, whereas for 200m, this concerned the largest lower leg circumference and R skinfold.
Introduction. For many years researchers and coaches have been struggling with a crucial experimental problem of examining the relations between sport result and the elements of training loads. The main question of the theory of endurance sports is the study of the influence of varied activities on human system, which will eventually transfer into results improvement. By enriching the scientific knowledge regarding organism adaptation to different stimuli in terms of physiology, biochemistry, biomechanics and physical therapy, coaches and scholars have been developing theoretical foundations of workout. Purpose of research. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the training loads of the competitive marathoner, the polish marathon record holder. The analysis is based on two mesocycles with a duration of 8 weeks of preparatory phase, guided by two different coaches. Moreover, another crucial issue included in the study is the comparison of the training framework and training loads in particular weeks. Material and method. The practical implementation of the theory is provided with the use of research material of Olympian, who is also the Polish marathon record holder, in a form of his workout logs. The content of the workout logs includes two marathon mesocycles, each with a duration of 8 weeks of preparatory phase. Results. The analysis of the volume of training loads in the eight-week mesocycle shows the diversity between the two studied marathon preparatory phases. Considering the efficacy based on the race result, it should be said that the workout plan of the first coach came out to be more beneficial for the marathoner. Conclusions. Hence, it should be said that it is the general running endurance which should be the main workout element of every elite runner. Increased number of kilometers definitely conduces to achieve satisfactory marathon results. Moreover, one should remember that most of the marathon work should be done in oxygen balance. Key words: marathon, training loads, runner, preparatory phase
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