Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a central composite design, was used to simultaneously predict the optimal condition for oil extraction of Assam tea seeds via supercritical CO2 extraction method. The established regression mathematical model oil extraction was good enough for the prediction of experimental results (e.g., crude oil yield). The optimized extraction condition (50°C under 220 bar for 4 hr) providing the best quality of oil has high percentage of crude oil yield and oil recovery, low values of acid, free fatty acids, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), high values of iodine and saponification, and high phenolic content and low values of DPPH (IC50) and ABTS (IC50). Flavonoid, tannin, and saponin were detected in the extracted oil samples. In addition, major fatty acids in the extracted oil were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids.
Practical applications
Supercritical CO2 extraction can potentially be used for the extraction of oil from Assam tea seeds (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), providing a high oil yield. Assam tea seed oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction had a high antioxidant activity. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The obtained oil contained flavonoids, tannins, and saponins and is, therefore, a potential source of active and functional compounds used in the food industry, the production of food supplements and the pharmaceutic and cosmetic industries.
Blood pressure (BP) is a known cardiovascular risk factor that is hypothesized to be inversely related to choline intake. A previous study suggested that this association may be more apparent in older adults and may differ according to demographic and health characteristics. The primary study objectives are to investigate the cross-sectional associations of total choline intake with BP (n=843) and prevalent hypertension (n=2,113) among U.S. adults aged ≥65 y using the sample from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic and multiple linear regression models for complex surveys were employed for hypertension status and BP respectively. Effect modification by sex, race, body mass index (BMI) and comorbidity status were separately investigated using an interaction term. Choline intake interacted with BMI (P-interaction=0.04) such that choline intake tended to be associated with lower odds of hypertension among people with BMI <18.5 kg/m2 (OR [95% CI]: 0.64 [0.4,1.00]; P=0.052). Choline intake was not associated with systolic BP (mean±SEM change per 100 mg of choline: −1.03±0.74 mmHg; P=0.16). In contrast, its relation to diastolic BP differed by cardiovascular comorbidity (P-interaction=0.03) with a non-significant (P=0.13) negative direction of association observed among those who were free of comorbidities and a non-significant (P=0.26) positive direction observed among those with comorbidities. Collectively, these results suggested that the associations of choline intake with BP levels and hypertension risk among older adults are dependent on other risk factors.
Alginate-coated Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 or Lactobacillus casei 01 was recoated with either 0.1-0.5% (w/v) alginate or 0.05-0.15% (w/v) poly-L-lysine (PLL) plus 0.2% (w/v) alginate or 5-15% (w/v) gelatin, after which they were determined for survivability in gastric or bile longan juices. The morphology of encapsulated probiotic cells illustrated that recoated beads with 0.5% alginate showed a more compact surface and a greater protective effect than other recoating materials. The recoated beads with 0.5% alginate and 0.05-0.15% PLL plus 0.2% alginate of both strains showed the highest viability in gastric longan juice. In bile longan juice, only 0.5% alginate showed the best protection for both recoated beads. When considering the storage stability, encapsulated L. acidophilus LA5 exhibited a higher viable count than those of the free cells, whereas L. casei 01 showed equivalent viability of both free and double-coated cells. Based on the impact of pressurization or pasteurization, both processed juices gave rise to equivalent survivability of the probiotic cells during storage.
Freeze drying using a maltodextrin/gum Arabic mixture (50 : 50%w/w) as coating material could be used to encapsulate phenolic compounds of wastewater from Miang (fermented tea leaf) production. The effect of concentrated fermented Miang water: coating material ratios of 10:1, 30:1, and 50:1 on the encapsulation efficiency was investigated. The result revealed that as the weight ratio of concentrated fermented Miang water to maltodextrin/gum Arabic mixture increased, the encapsulation efficiency decreased while the antioxidant capacity of Miang powder increased due to a higher phenolic concentration in the encapsulation process. The weight ratio of concentrated fermented Miang water to maltodextrin/gum Arabic mixture of 10 : 1 was the suitable ratio to encapsulate phenolic compounds with the efficiency as high as 99.40%. The IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS assays for the obtained Miang powder were 24.19 and 332.75 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, the Miang powder contained gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, and caffeine.
Practical applications
Fermented Miang water (fermented tea leaf; Camellia sinensis var. assamica) as wastewater from Miang production is an attractive source of natural bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. These phenolic compounds were efficiently encapsulated by freeze drying using a maltodextrin/gum Arabic mixture as coating material. The phenolic compounds identified in Miang powder were gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, and caffeine. Therefore, the fermented Miang water that is thrown away and not used for other processes could be produced as Miang powder that is applied as an alternative source of natural antioxidants for food supplements, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other health products.
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